The human dimension of lean: a literature review
Open accessAbstract
Interest in lean, the managerial system exemplified by the Toyota Production System, has gradually spread throughout different industries since the 1980s. Compared to mass production systems, lean systems ultimately transform the way employees act within their work environment. Despite significant improvements in operations management, the human dimension of lean has received surprisingly limited attention from the academic realm, until recently. This study serves primarily as a literature review of articles at the crossroads between the technical part of lean and its human-related issues. We reviewed 95 articles and our analysis provides a clearer view of the evolution of lean literature with regard to its human elements. The different levels of analysis can be summarised as follows: lean’s impact on working conditions and employee outcomes, HR practices as facilitators of lean adoption, and employee development as a moderator of lean adoption. We conclude with a framework that serves as a potential guide to include the human dimension of lean in research.
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From A systematic literature review of lean manufacturing implementation in manufacturing-based sectors of the developing and developed countries (2022) · cites this paper as Magnani et al., 2019
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Psomas, E. L., Keramida, E., Bouranta, N., & Kafetzopoulos, D. (2023) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-02-2022-0022 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The microfoundations of lean leadership: Monozukuri, Hitozukuri, Kotozukuri
Saabye, H., Powell, D. J., & Hines, P. (2024) · Total Quality Management & Business Excellence · doi:10.1080/14783363.2024.2349806 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Zaidi, A., & Lakhal, L. (2025) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-05-2024-0149 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
How will the risk management impact the success of just-in-time implementation?
Sebtaoui, F. E., Adri, A., Rifai, S., & Sahaf, K. (2020) · Journal of Industrial and Production Engineering · doi:10.1080/21681015.2020.1806121 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Lean Production in the Automotive Industry
Pardi, T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.009 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The mental and physical wellbeing flow within the People Value Stream
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The Cambridge International Handbook of Lean Production
Shulzhenko, E. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Megha, B., & Dath, T. N. S. (2023) · Business Process Management Journal · doi:10.1108/bpmj-05-2022-0239 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Mapping Team Dynamics Through Retrospective Team Events Analysis
van Dun, D. H., Wijnmaalen, J., & Wilderom, C. P. M. (2022) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069221120745 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kumar, D. R., Devadasan, S. R., Elangovan, D., & Ranganathan, V. S. (2023) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1177/09544089231175985 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Xin, Z. (2022) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2022/5387795 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
RetractedExploring the Barriers to Women in Construction and the Opportunities Presented through Lean
Asadian, E., Azeez, S., Leicht, R., & Asadi, S. (2024) · Journal of Construction Engineering and Management · doi:10.1061/jcemd4.coeng-13895 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Smith, C., & Vidal, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.007 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Kaswan, M. S., Panda, G., Chaudhary, R., & Aggarwal, S. (2026) · International Journal of Lean Six Sigma · doi:10.1108/ijlss-05-2025-0145 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Brunner, S., Siebenbürger, M., Kühnel, K., & Bengler, K. J. (2024) · Production & Manufacturing Research · doi:10.1080/21693277.2024.2398086 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Priorities of Critical Success Factors for Lean Production Implementation of China’s Factories
Kuo, P.-C., & Lin, R.-H. (2024) · Systems · doi:10.3390/systems12110501 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The Industrial Relations Perspective on Lean Systems, Workers, and Unions
MacDuffie, J. P. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.005 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Cheng, M., Wu, Y., Zhu, J., & Meng, Y. (2023) · Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part E Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering · doi:10.1177/09544089231191906 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Benkarim, A., & Imbeau, D. (2022) · Merits · doi:10.3390/merits2030010 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Leadership, TQM, and Business Excellence: A Systematic Review and Research Agenda (2014–2024)
(2025) · Journal of Logistics Informatics and Service Science · doi:10.33168/jliss.2025.0101 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
De la boîte à outils au système sociotechnique : 40 ans de transformations Lean dans la RFGI
Saikouk, T., & Magnani, F. (2025) · Revue Française de Gestion Industrielle · doi:10.53102/2025.39.02.1268 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Janoski, T., & Lepadatu, D. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.002 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Maginnis, M. A., Cooper, W. R., & Parsley, D. M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.008 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lean Production in India and Australia
James, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.025 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Contested Views of Lean Production from the Social Sciences Perspective
Janoski, T., Lepadatu, D., & Signoretti, A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Adoption of Lean Thinking by Legal Services Providers
Grady, K. A. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.013 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lean Production from the View of Management Theory
Aoki, K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.003 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Human Lean : Combining Sense of Coherence and Lean to achieve productivity and health
Halling, B. (2020) · DiVA (University of Gävle)
Product and Process Innovation to Power the Lean Enterprise
Morgan, J. M., & Sobek, D. K. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.010
The Development and Diffusion of the Hyundai Production System
Lee, B. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.019
Lean Workflow and Quality Assurance when Creating Software-Intensive Products and Services
Poppendieck, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.017
Transferring Lean to the United States
Womack, J. P., & Jones, D. T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.020
Åhlström, P., & Modig, N. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.014
Lean Production in China: A Case Study of the Automobile Industry
Zhang, L. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.024
Lean Management Systems and the Use of Financial Information
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Krzywdzinski, M. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.022
Using a Lean Six Sigma Strategy to Be Resilient in the Telecommunications Sector
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Mass Merchandizing and Lean Production at Walmart, Costco, and Amazon
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Lean in Europe and the USA – A New Dominant Division of Labour?
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Self-citationThe Four Stages of Lean in Mexico
Carrillo, J., & Gomis, R. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.026
Lean Production – Perspectives from its Primary Caretaker, Industrial Engineering
Schonberger, R. J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.004
Disseminating Lean across the UK: A Personal Reflection
Jones, D. T. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.021
Lean Transformation in Healthcare
Toussaint, J. (2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.012
Sebtaoui, F. E., Adri, A., Rifai, S., & Sahaf, K. (2021) · Quality Management Journal · doi:10.1080/10686967.2021.1962772
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Lean Production in Post-Communist Europe
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Janoski, T., & Lepadatu, D. (2021) · doi:10.1017/9781108333870.001
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The Well-Being of Workers in Lean Manufacturing Work Environments
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Group Guidance on the Integration of Islamic Values to Increase Student Communication Interactions
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Future Perspectives in Medical Education
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The role of Lean for reconciling performance paradoxes in operations and supply chains management
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A Review on Logistics and Supply Chain Agenda in the “Supply Chain Forum” Journal
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La dimension humaine du Lean management
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Self-citationImproving Emergency Department Staff Satisfaction Through Lean Thinking: Evidence From a Mixed Study
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Effect of soft lean practices and diversity, equity and inclusion on employees’ psychological safety
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- Authors
- Magnani, F., Carbone, V., & Moatti, V.
- Affiliations
- ESCP Business School (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Magnani, Florian
- Venue
- Supply Chain Forum: An International Journal
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-01-24
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 132-144
- ISSN
- 1624-6039 (ISSN-L)
- 1625-8312
- OpenAlex
- W2911868040
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 20.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hal.science
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Supply Chain Forum an International Journal (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Management Information Systems › Quality and Supply Management
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management and Optimization Techniques
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Management Systems and Quality Improvement
- Keywords
- lean manufacturing, Toyota Production System, employee behavior, working conditions, employee outcomes, human resource management practices, lean adoption, employee development
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