Influence of adjuvant mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans – results from a randomized control study

Jasbi, Mostafa; Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena; Karami, Gholamreza; Omidbeygi, Maryam; Peyravi, Maryam; Panahi, Ailin; Mirzaee, Jafar; Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith; Brand, Serge

doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1445773

Cited by 55Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchMindfulness and Compassion InterventionsPsychotherapy Techniques and Applications

Influence of adjuvant mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans – results from a randomized control study

Jasbi, Mostafa, Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena, Karami, Gholamreza, Omidbeygi, Maryam, Peyravi, Maryam, Panahi, Ailin, Mirzaee, Jafar, Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith +1 more·2018·Cognitive Behaviour Therapy

DOI 10.1080/16506073.2018.1445773

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Abstract

Even 30 or more years after the end of a war, veterans can suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In the present study, we explored the influence on symptoms of PTSD among Iranian veterans of the Iran-Iraq war of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) as add-on to a standard treatment with citalopram. Forty-eight male veterans with PTSD (mean age: 52.97 years) took part in this eight-week intervention study. Standard treatment for all patients consisted of citalopram (30-50 mg/day at therapeutic dosages). Patients were randomly assigned either to the treatment or to the control condition. Treatment involved MBCT delivered in group sessions once a week. Patients in the control condition met at the hospital with the same frequency and duration for socio-therapeutic events. At baseline and at study completion, patients completed questionnaires covering symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress. At study completion after eight weeks, scores for PTSD (re-experiencing events, avoidance, negative mood and cognition, hyperarousal), depression, anxiety, and stress were lower, but more so in the intervention than the control group. Data suggest that, as adjuvant to standard SSRI medication, MBCT is an effective intervention to significantly reduce symptoms of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and stress among veterans.

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Another study among Iranian military veterans has demonstrated benefit of MBCT for PTSD.
“another study50 among Iranian military veterans has also demonstrated benefit for this condition.”
From Treatment Engagement and Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Veterans with Psychiatric Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [50]

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Efficacy of third wave cognitive behavioral therapies in the treatment of posttraumatic stress: A meta-analytic study
Benfer, N., Spitzer, E. G., & Bardeen, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102360 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
The Effects of Online Mindfulness-Based Intervention on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms: A Randomized Controlled Trial With 3-Month Follow-Up
Dumarkaitė, A., Truskauskaitė-Kunevičienė, I., Andersson, G., & Kazlauskas, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.799259 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mindfulness as a predictor of cognitive-behavioral therapy outcomes in inner-city adults with posttraumatic stress and substance dependence
Vujanovic, A. A., Smith, L. J., Green, C., Lane, S. D., & Schmitz, J. M. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.106283 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Mindfulness-based interventions for PTSD have demonstrated clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD symptoms immediately post-treatment (e.g., Jasbi et al., 2018; King et al., 2013; Niles et al., 2012) and sustained reductions in PTSD symptoms post-treatment (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, &…”
Background
Long-Term Psychological Consequences of World War II Trauma Among Polish Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Study on the Role of Social Acknowledgment
Rzeszutek, M., Lis‐Turlejska, M., Krajewska, A., Zawadzka, A., Lewandowski, M., & Szumiał, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00210 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“PTSD–depression comorbidity is especially visible in combatrelated PTSD (Stander et al., 2014; Jasbi et al., 2018).”
Background
Treatment Engagement and Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Veterans with Psychiatric Disorders
Marchand, W. R., Yabko, B., Herrmann, T., Curtis, H., & Lackner, R. (2019) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2018.0511 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Web-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness Meditation, and Yoga Intervention for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Single-Arm Experimental Clinical Trial
Kirk, M., Taha, B., Dang, K., McCague, H., Hatzinakos, D., Katz, J. D., & Ritvo, P. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/26479 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“MM combined with CBT has also shown promise in treating PTSD symptoms [43-45], although trauma-related thoughts or emotions that surface during meditation can trigger or retraumatize patients, disrupting treatment efficacy [46-48].”
Mindfulness Meditation Intervention Alters Neurophysiological Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Preadolescents
Shanok, N. A., Reive, C., Mize, K. D., & Jones, N. A. (2019) · Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1027/0269-8803/a000244 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Impaired Autobiographical Memory Flexibility in Iranian Trauma Survivors With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Piltan, M., Moradi, A., Choobin, M. H., Azadfallah, P., Eskandari, S., & Hitchcock, C. (2021) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620953637 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“PTSD symptoms in trauma-exposed participants were measured using a Farsi version of the Posttraumatic Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), which has been found to have good internal consistency (Jasbi et al., 2018).”
Method
Effectiveness of mindfulness based interventions in reducing depressive symptoms across mental disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Alkan, E., Kumar, G., Ravichandran, S., Kaushal, S. R., de Pablo, G. S., Alerci, L., Michaud-Feinberg, J., Gutiérrez-Rojas, L., Zorzi, C., Klauser, P., et al. (2025) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116473 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“…et al., 2017; Rezaie et al., 2021), Suicidal Behaviour Disorder ( k = 1) (Ducasse et al., 2018), Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders ( k = 1) (Jasbi et al., 2018), Comorbid disorders ( k = 2) (Kleindienst et al., 2021; Petersen and Zettle, 2009), Sleep-Wake Disorders ( k = 1) (Siritienthong…”
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) in the treatment of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A literature review
Videla, C. E. C., & Melillo, R. C. C. (2023) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2023.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Autobiographical Memory and Mindfulness: a Critical Review with a Systematic Search
Dominguez, E., Casagrande, M., & Raffone, A. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01902-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“MBCT improved AM specificity and reduced OGM in remitted depressed patients, and extended such results to a healthy sample.”
MethodInfluential
The Effect of a Modified Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) Program on Symptoms of Stress and Depression and on Saliva Cortisol and Serum Creatine Kinase among Male Wrestlers
Mousavi, E., Bahmani, D. S., Khazaie, H., Brühl, A. B., Stanga, Z. G., & Brand, S. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11111643 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“It is to be noted that the active control condition was not a bona fide psychotherapeutic intervention to improve cognitive–emotional processes [43].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
The Implementation of a Mindfulness-Oriented Retreat Intervention for Rural Women Veterans
Murray-Swank, N. A., Dausch, B. M., & Murray-Swank, A. B. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01234-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A Mixed-Method Modified Delphi Study toward Identifying Key Elements of Psychotherapy in Iran
Rezaie, L., Heydari, S., Paschall, E., Khazaie, H., Bahmani, D. S., & Brand, S. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17072514 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Such a differentiated and client-oriented approach further takes into consideration the multifaceted variety of the Iranian population, ranging from adolescents and young adults with sleep and substance use disorders [45,46], to refugees from Afghanistan, to veterans with post-traumatic stress disorders [47], to name…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Cumulative Trauma and Trauma Symptoms: A Three-Way Interaction
Xue, F., Suh, H. N., Rice, K. G., & Ashby, J. S. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13070576 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Consequently, implementing programs to bolster both resources, such as group-based mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) or group-based acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT), could optimize the unique benefits of both external and internal resources [66,67].”
Background
Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Psychological Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Badola, A., Yu, W., & King, A. P. J. (2025) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-025-00364-x · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Sleep disturbances and psychological well-being among military medical doctors of the Swiss Armed Forces: study protocol, rationale and development of a cross-sectional and longitudinal interventional study
Sadeghi-Bahmani, D., Rigotti, V., Stanga, Z., Lang, U. E., Blais, R. K., Kelley, M. L., & Brand, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1390636 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Veterans’ interests, perceptions, and use of mindfulness
Herrmann, T. S., Marchand, W. R., Yabko, B. A., Lackner, R. J., Beckstrom, J. L., & Parker, A. (2020) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/2050312120938226 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Age in years (n = 166) 21–39 33 (20) 40–69 87 (52) 70+ 46 (28) Service connected (n = 160) Yes 139 (87) Gender (n = 170) Male 141 (83) Female 28 (17) Transgender 1 (0.”
Increasing Mindfulness Skills of Veterans With PTSD Through Daily Mindfulness Training Incorporated Into an Intensive Treatment Program
Miller, M. L., Bagley, J. M., Normand, P. S., Brennan, M. B., Horn, R. V., Pollack, M. H., & Held, P. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01326-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Treatments for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: An Update of the PTSD-Repository Evidence Base
O'Neil, M. E., Cheney, T. P., Hsu, F. C., Carlson, K. F., Hart, E. L., Holmes, R. S., Murphy, K. M., Graham, E., Cameron, D. C., Kahler, J., et al. (2020) · doi:10.23970/ahrqepccer235 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
The effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on PTSD and depression symptoms in trauma-exposed black adults: Pilot randomized controlled trial results
Au, M., Lipschutz, R. S., Mekawi, Y., Lathan, E. C., Dixon, H. D., Carter, S. E., Hinrichs, R. C., Bradley, B., Kaslow, N. J., Nugent, N. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Mood and Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.xjmad.2024.100092 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Already an established treatment for depression [9], initial evidence of efficacy of MBCT in reducing PTSD symptoms has been shown across two prior pilot studies with veteran samples [10,11].”
Interventions for suicidal and self-injurious related behaviors in adolescents with psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lu, J., Huang, J., Gao, W., Wang, Z., Yang, N., Luo, Y., Guo, J., Pang, W. I. P., Lok, G. K. I., & Rao, W.-W. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03278-7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Executive functioning: perspectives on neurotrophic activity and pharmacology
Sun, M. (2018) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000427 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Can Brief Online Mindfulness Programs Mitigate Healthcare Workers’ Burnout amid the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Kim, S., & Hunter, S. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02175-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Primjena kognitivne terapije usredotočene svjesnosti usmjerene na stres sa službenicima zatvorskog sustava
Bagarić, B., & Markanović, D. (2021) · Kriminologija & socijalna integracija : časopis za kriminologiju, penologiju i poremećaje u ponašanju · doi:10.31299/ksi.29.1.4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It is also known to help reduce a number of other difficulties such as suicidality (Williams, Fennell, Barnhofer, Crane and Silverton, 2015), anxiety disorders (Chiesa and Serretti, 2011; Galante, Iribarren and Pearce, 2013), post-traumatic stress disorder (Jasbi et al., 2018; King et al., 2013; Markanović and Bagarić…”
Background
Psychophysiological effects of equine-facilitated psychotherapy on Veterans with PTSD and their horse partners
McDuffee, L. A., Montelpare, W. J., & LeBlanc, C. (2024) · Journal of Military Veteran and Family Health · doi:10.3138/jmvfh-2023-0063 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
The impact of post-traumatic stress on the clinical outcome in a cohort of patients with knee osteoarthritis and knee arthroplasty: A prospective study
Long, G., Wang, D., Li, M., Ma, H., Ping, Y., Mingsheng, T., & Yuxiang, S. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1016/j.jos.2023.03.017 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Effects of Almond Porridge, Grape Extract, and Pea Syrup on Fatigue Severity of Patients with COVID-19
Ghandaali, A., Ardestani, M. M., Hadi, S., Nejatbakhsh, F., Hadi, V., Kazemi-Galougahi, M. H., & Mirghazanfari, S. M. (2023) · Clinical Cancer Investigation Journal · doi:10.51847/pm4au8zr75 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“[27] Statistics were deemed significant at a P-value of 0.05 or below.”
Influential
The Effectiveness of Psychotherapy on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Soldier: A Systematic Review
Lan, W., Wang, B., Li, G., & Liu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Mental Health Promotion · doi:10.32604/ijmhp.2024.052309 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Follow up Study and EEG Analysis of Mindfulness Cognitive Therapy in Patients with Persistent Mood Disorder
高, 远. (2021) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2021.119238
The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy on the Level of Anxiety and Quality of Life in Women with Opioid Use Disorder
shakibayi, P., & ghayuomi, P. (2022) · فصلنامه علمی و پژوهشی اعتیادپژوهی · doi:10.52547/etiadpajohi.16.63.359
Improved Mindfulness Following Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Results from a Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial with Trauma-Exposed Black Adults
Powers, A. D., Lipschutz, R. S., Lathan, E. C., Mekawi, Y., Dixon, H. D., Bradley, B., Kaslow, N. J., & Nugent, N. R. (2025) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-025-02693-7
“While the effect of MBCT on symptom change has been evaluated in veteran (Jasbi et al., 2018; King et al., 2016) and Black civilian (Au et al., 2024) samples, to our knowledge, no one has evaluated change in trait mindfulness dimensions and ED as a result of MBCT in trauma-exposed Black adults with…”
Do Contemplative Practices Promote Trauma Recovery? A Narrative Review from 2018 to 2023
Scafuto, F., Quinto, R. M., Orrù, G., Lazzarelli, A., Ciacchini, R., & Conversano, C. (2025) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare13222825 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A couple of studies targeted Black adults or partly included Black adults (16, 21).”
Influential
PSYCHOLOGICAL REHABILITATION OF MILITARY PERSONNEL THROUGH MINDFULNESS PRACTICES: CURRENT TENDENCIES AND EFFICIENCY
Василівна, Б. О., & PODOROZHNA, A. (2025) · Problems of engineer-pedagogical education · doi:10.26565/2074-8922-2025-85-19
Sex-dependent behavioral and prefrontal BDNF mRNA responses to extinction training and short-term citalopram after fear conditioning in rats
Taghavi, E., Eslami, M., Yekta, B. G., Gholami, M., & Vaseghi, S. (2026) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2026.115430

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Effectiveness of a Combined Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Intervention on Depression Symptoms and Quality of Life in a Group of Iranian Veterans with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
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Authors: Jasbi, M., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Karami, G., Omidbeygi, M., Peyravi, M., Panahi, A., Mirzaee, J., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S.
Affiliations: Islamic Azad University, Karaj (IR)
Psychiatric Clinics (UPK), Center for Affective, Stress and Sleep Disorders (ZASS), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Kharazmi University (IR)
Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Sadr Psychiatric Hospital, Tehran, Iran
Janbazan Medical and Engineering Research Center (IR)
University of Basel (CH)
Corresponding author: Mirzaee, Jafar
ORCID: Jasbi, Mostafa
Sadeghi Bahmani, Dena
Mirzaee, Jafar
Brand, Serge
Venue: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2018-06-12
Volume: 47
Issue: 5
Pages: 431-446
ISSN: 1650-6073 (ISSN-L)
1651-2316
DOI: 10.1080/16506073.2018.1445773
OpenAlex: W2808465925
Cited by: 55
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 1
FWCI: 9.08
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
Funders: University of Surrey
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
Keywords: mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, post-traumatic stress disorder, veterans, Iran-Iraq War, citalopram, SSRI augmentation, depression, anxiety, stress, re-experiencing, hyperarousal, avoidance
MeSH terms: Combined Modality Therapy, Humans, Iran, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Citalopram, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Mindfulness

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Influence of adjuvant mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans – results from a randomized control study

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