The efficacy of exposure therapy for anxiety-related disorders and its underlying mechanisms: The case of OCD and PTSD
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In this review we describe the intricate interrelationship among basic research, conceptualization of psychopathology, treatment development, treatment outcome research, and treatment mechanism research and how the interactions among these areas of study further our knowledge about psychopathology and its treatment. In describing the work of Edna Foa and her colleagues in anxiety disorders, we demonstrate how emotional processing theory of anxiety-related disorders and their treatment using exposure therapy have generated hypotheses about the psychopathology of posttraumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder that have informed the development and refinement of specific treatment protocols for these disorders: prolonged exposure and exposure and response (ritual) prevention. Further, we have shown that the next step after the development of theoretically driven treatment protocols is to evaluate their efficacy. Once evidence for a treatment's efficacy has accumulated, studies of the mechanisms involved in the reduction of the targeted psychopathology are conducted, which in turn inform the theory and further refine the treatments. We conclude our review with a discussion of how the knowledge derived from Foa and colleagues' programmatic research together with knowledge emerging from basic research on extinction learning can inform future research on the psychopathology of anxiety disorders and their treatments.
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Exposure therapy is well supported empirically as a treatment for anxiety and related disorders.
“Exposure therapy has strong empirical support as a treatment for anxiety and related disorders”
From Enhancing Inhibitory Learning: The Utility of Variability in Exposure (2019) · cites this paper as Foa & McLean, 2016
Emotion processing theory states fear and other emotions are stored in memory structures containing information about stimuli that elicit emotional response and the response itself.
“According to emotion processing theory, fear and other emotions are stored in memory structures that contain information about stimuli that elicit the emotional response, as well as the response itself.[7]”
From Exposure and response prevention for obsessive-compulsive disorder: A review and new directions (2019) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Foa, E. B., & McLean, C. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2016-03-28
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-28
- ISSN
- 1548-5943 (ISSN-L)
- 1548-5951
- OpenAlex
- W1923241527
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 134
- Citations by year
- 2026: 31 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 45 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 1.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annual Review of Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Pennsylvania
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- exposure therapy, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, prolonged exposure, exposure and response prevention, emotional processing theory, extinction learning, therapeutic mechanisms, treatment efficacy, psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety Disorders, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Treatment Outcome
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