A PILOT STUDY OF GROUP MINDFULNESS-BASED COGNITIVE THERAPY (MBCT) FOR COMBAT VETERANS WITH POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER (PTSD): Research Article: Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat PTSD
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: "Mindfulness-based" interventions show promise for stress reduction in general medical conditions, and initial evidence suggests that they are accepted in trauma-exposed individuals. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) shows substantial efficacy for prevention of depression relapse, but it has been less studied in anxiety disorders. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of an MBCT group intervention adapted for combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Consecutive patients seeking treatment for chronic PTSD at a VA outpatient clinic were enrolled in 8-week MBCT groups, modified for PTSD (four groups, n = 20) or brief treatment-as-usual (TAU) comparison group interventions (three groups, n = 17). Pre and posttherapy psychological assessments with clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) were performed with all patients, and self-report measures (PTSD diagnostic scale, PDS, and posttraumatic cognitions inventory, PTCI) were administered in the MBCT group. RESULTS: Intent to treat analyses showed significant improvement in PTSD (CAPS (t(19) = 4.8, P < .001)) in the MBCT condition but not the TAU conditions, and a significant Condition × Time interaction (F[1,35] = 16.4, P < .005). MBCT completers (n = 15, 75%) showed good compliance with assigned homework exercises, and significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD symptom severity on posttreatment assessment in CAPS and PDS (particularly in avoidance/numbing symptoms), and reduced PTSD-relevant cognitions in PTCI (self blame). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest group MBCT as an acceptable brief intervention/adjunctive therapy for combat PTSD, with potential for reducing avoidance symptom cluster and PTSD cognitions. Further studies are needed to examine efficacy in a randomized controlled design and to identify factors influencing acceptability and efficacy.
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In an adaptation of MBCT for adult-onset PTSD, meditation periods were no longer than 20 minutes and PTSD symptoms were discussed in class.
“For example, in an adaptation of MBCT for adult-onset PTSD, meditation periods were no longer than 20 minutes and PTSD symptoms were discussed in class [72].”
From Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
The Methods > Procedure passage says the adaptation shortened in-session and home meditation from 45 to 15–20 minutes and included discussion of patients’ PTSD symptoms in session. The study concerns combat-related PTSD in veterans; our copy does not characterize the adaptation as one for adult-onset PTSD generally. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredKing et al. found that MBCT participants demonstrated significant improvement in both avoidance symptoms and PTSD cognitions compared with treatment-as-usual.
“Results showed that MBCT participants demonstrated significant improvement in both avoidance symptoms and PTSD cognitions.”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for Chinese adults with PTSD symptoms: protocol for a randomised controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
The Results (Treatment Response; page not provided) report a significant reduction in the CAPS avoidance subscale in MBCT completers and a significant condition-by-time interaction compared with TAU. They also report significant improvement in PTSD-related cognitions after MBCT, but those self-report measures were available for MBCT completers only; the paper does not establish a cognition improvement compared with TAU. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRegular practice is important for sustained benefits from mindfulness.
“Additionally, research highlights the importance of regular practice for sustained benefits [16].”
From Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities (2023) · cites this paper as [16]
The Methods (Procedure; page unavailable) instructed veterans to practice mindfulness regularly, and the Results (Compliance and Retention; page unavailable) report frequent practice during treatment. But the Discussion says the study had no follow-up assessment, so it does not establish that regular practice is important for sustained benefits. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRecent MBPs administered to trauma populations have successfully implemented trauma-sensitive modifications.
“Recent MBPs administered to trauma populations have successfully implemented such modifications.”
From Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression (2025) · cites this paper as [72]
Among military veterans, mindfulness-based interventions have shown efficacy in targeting various aspects of psychological health, including PTSD, depression, and quality of life.
“For example, among military veterans, mindfulness-based interventions have shown efficacy in targeting various aspects of psychological health, including PTSD, depression, and quality of life [[17], [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25]].”
From Mindful attention training workshop for firefighters: Design and methodology of a pilot randomized clinical trial (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The rate of adherence to MiCBT was 77% (47/61) receiving four or more sessions, consistent with other studies.
“The rate of adherence to the MiCBT treatment is consistent with other studies [e.g., (66, 67)] with 77% (47/61) of participants receiving four or more sessions.”
The completer rate in this study is somewhat lower than that reported by some other investigators.
“Thus, the completer rate reported herein is somewhat lower than that reported by some other investigators.”
From Treatment Engagement and Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Veterans with Psychiatric Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as King et al.40
King et al. conducted a pilot study of MBCT for veterans with PTSD and found a 75% completer rate.
“King et al.40 conducted a pilot study of MBCT for veterans with PTSD and found a 75% completer rate.”
From Treatment Engagement and Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Veterans with Psychiatric Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
One pilot study suggests that MBCT may be an effective adjunctive therapy for combat-related PTSD among U.S. military veterans.
“One pilot study40 suggests that MBCT may be an effective adjunctive therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among U.S. military veterans”
From Treatment Engagement and Outcomes of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Veterans with Psychiatric Disorders (2019) · cites this paper as [40]
Improving youth's ability to be mindfully aware of their thoughts and emotions may initially be associated with increases in anxiety and anger in sexually abused youth, and has entailed increases in anxiety or aggressive behaviours in other populations.
“because improving youth's ability to be mindfully aware of their thoughts and emotions may initially be associated with increases in anxiety and anger in sexually abused youth and has entailed increases in anxiety or aggressive behaviours in other populations (Godbout et al. 2016; King et al. 2013; Valdez and Lilly 2015).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as King et al. 2013
Mindfulness exercises focused on bodily sensations may increase anxiety and treatment dropout, especially for those with a history of sexual abuse.
“and that mindfulness exercises focused on bodily sensations may increase anxiety and treatment dropout, especially for those with a history of sexual abuse (King et al. 2013).”
From Mindfulness as Mediator and Moderator of Post-traumatic Symptomatology in Adolescence Following Childhood Sexual Abuse or Assault (2016) · cites this paper as King et al. 2013
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“King and coworkers [28] found that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy was an acceptable brief intervention therapy for combatting PTSD: indeed, it reduced avoidance symptoms and PTSD cognitions.”
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“…study of MBSR for combat veterans found a small effect size (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, & Simpson, 2012), and another quasiexperimental study of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for veterans identified a medium effect size for post-traumatic symptoms (King et al., 2013).”
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“, depression [1, 10], anxiety [11, 12], posttraumatic stress disorder [13], eating disorders [14], substance use disorders [15]), and other medical conditions (e.”
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“King et al. (2013) found that comorbid personality disorders predict treatment non-compliance in participants who were receiving MBCT for panic disorder.”
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“…sustained PTSD who took part in a mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group to those in treatmentas-usual, veterans in the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy group showed greater reductions in self-blame and a trend toward decreased perception of the world as a dangerous place (King et al., 2013).”
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“Researchers have reported benefits from other mindfulnessbased therapies such as mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.(13) If mindfulness-based stress reduction were to be established as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress, patients would have an additional option if current evidence-based treatments for po…”
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“Uncontrolled studies have shown improvement in PTSD symptoms over time after MBSR, 70 as did a small trial that compared mindfulness-based cognitive therapy to usual care.(71) A recent well-designed RCT (N=116) compared MBSR to an active control and found that those randomized to MBSR had greater improvement in PTSD s…”
ResultBremner, J. D., Mishra, S., Campanella, C., Shah, M., Kasher, N., Evans, S., Fani, N., Shah, A. J., Reiff, C. M., Davis, L. L., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00157 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
A Paradigm Shift in Batterer Intervention Programming: A Need to Address Unresolved Trauma
Voith, L. A., Logan‐Greene, P., Strodthoff, T., & Bender, A. E. (2018) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838018791268 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Hu, & Liang, 2015; Shapiro, 1999), mindfulness (Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, & Simpson, 2013; King et al., 2013), and yoga (Gallegos, Crean, Pigeon, & Heffner, 2017), should be used to guide practice standards (see see Practice, Policy, and Research Implications of Incorporating Trauma Interventions into BIPs…”
MethodRelations Among Self-Compassion, PTSD Symptoms, and Psychological Health in a Trauma-Exposed Sample
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“Indeed, research suggests that interventions aimed at lowering psychological inflexibility may be quite beneficial for individuals with symptoms of PTSD (King et al. 2013; Lang et al. 2012; Orsillo and Batten 2005).”
BackgroundEmotion dysregulation is associated with increased prospective risk for chronic PTSD development
Pencea, I., Munoz, A. P., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Fiorillo, D., Schultebraucks, K., Galatzer‐Levy, I. R., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Ressler, K. J., Stevens, J. S., Michopoulos, V., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.12.008 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Moral injury: A new challenge for complementary and alternative medicine
Kopacz, M. S., Connery, A. L., Bishop, T. M., Bryan, C. J., Drescher, K. D., Currier, J. M., & Pigeon, W. R. (2015) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2015.11.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A systematic review of randomized trials of mind-body interventions for PTSD
Niles, B. L., Mori, D. L., Polizzi, C., Pless Kaiser, A., Weinstein, E. S., Gershkovich, M., & Wang, C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22634 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“For example mindfulness has been combined with cognitive therapy (King et al., 2013) and with traditional exercise (Goldstein et al., 2018) to address PTSD with good preliminary results.”
BackgroundWolkin, J. (2015) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s31458 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Kadafi, A., Alfaiz, A., Ramli, M., Asri, D. N., & Finayanti, J. (2021) · Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal · doi:10.25217/igcj.v4i1.1018 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“King et al (2013) after making improvements from cognitive therapy to overcome anxiety, in their research showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) showed substantial effectiveness in preventing the recurrence of depression caused by anxiety.”
BackgroundJoss, D., Khan, A., Lazar, S. W., & Teicher, M. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02373 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Cole, M. A., Muir, J. J., Gans, J. J., Shin, L. M., D'Esposito, M., Harel, B. T., & Schembri, A. (2015) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00581 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
King, A. P., Block, S. R., Sripada, R. K., Rauch, S. A. M., Porter, K. E., Favorite, T. K., Giardino, N., & Liberzon, I. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00154 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“In between condition analyses, RM-ANOVA condition × time interaction were not significant for pre–post analyses [F(1,20) = 1.”
MethodResultSelf-citationCognitive debt and Alzheimer’s disease
Marchant, N. L., & Howard, R. J. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141515 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“We propose that depression, anxiety, sleep disorder , neuroticism, life stress, and PTSD are proxies for Cognitive Debt.”
BackgroundInfluentialHomework in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Kazantzis, N., Brownfield, N. R., Mosely, L., Usatoff, A. S., & Flighty, A. J. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.001 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Joss, D., Lazar, S. W., & Teicher, M. H. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01322-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Hamblen, J. L., Bernardy, N. C., Sherrieb, K., Norris, F. H., Cook, J. M., Louis, C. A., & Schnurr, P. P. (2015) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0038535 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Diamond, D. M., & Zoladz, P. R. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23684 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Lang, A. J. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.10.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
King, H., Spence, D., Hickey, A. H., Sargent, P., Elesh, R., & Connelly, C. D. (2015) · Military Medicine · doi:10.7205/milmed-d-14-00451 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Jasbi, M., Sadeghi Bahmani, D., Karami, G., Omidbeygi, M., Peyravi, M., Panahi, A., Mirzaee, J., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Brand, S. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1445773 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“King et al. (2013) examined the impact of an eight-week MBCT intervention on veterans with PTSD; they observed a significant reduction in PTSD symptoms when compared to a standard treatment consisting of group sessions without a specific focus on PTSD (Cohen’s d: = 0.56).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeyer, E. C., Szabo, Y. Z., Frankfurt, S. B., Kimbrel, N. A., DeBeer, B. B., & Morissette, S. B. (2019) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2019.01.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…distress including Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT; Hayes et al., 2012), several compassion-focused interventions (Kirby, 2017), Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (Kabat-Zinn, 1982), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (Linehan, 1993), and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (King et al., 2013).”
BackgroundCognitive Behavioral Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depressive Disorders
Lee, S., & Cho, S. (2021) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6044-0_16 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Heffner, K. L., Crean, H. F., & Kemp, J. E. (2016) · Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000106 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Bäuerle, A., Graf, J., Jansen, C., Musche, V., Schweda, A., Hetkamp, M., Weismüller, B., Dörrie, N., Junne, F., Teufel, M., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039646 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders.
Roemer, L., Williston, S. K., Eustis, E. H., & Orsillo, S. M. (2013) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Francis, S. E. B., Shawyer, F., Cayoun, B., Enticott, J., & Meadows, G. N. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.815170 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, (66, 67)] with 77% (47/61) of participants receiving four or more sessions.”
BackgroundElwy, A. R., Johnston, J. M., Bormann, J. E., Hull, A. E., & Taylor, S. L. (2014) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000000228 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Reyes, A. T., Bhatta, T. R., Muthukumar, V., & Gangozo, W. J. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.02.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sun, L., Gu, J., Huang, L., Shang, Z., Zhou, Y., Wu, L., Jia, Y., Liu, N., & Liu, W. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.05.003 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Martinez, M. E., Kearney, D. J., Simpson, T., Felleman, B. I., Bernardi, N., & Sayre, G. (2015) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2014.0324 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Mindfulness meditation and psychedelics: potential synergies and commonalities
Holas, P., & Kamińska, J. (2023) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1007/s43440-023-00551-8 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Additionally, research highlights the importance of regular practice for sustained benefits [16].”
BackgroundXu, W., Fu, G., An, Y., Yuan, G., Ding, X., & Zhou, Y.-Y. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.09.088 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
An Open Label Pilot Study of a Brief Psychosocial Intervention for Disaster and Trauma Survivors
O'Donnell, M. L., Lau, W., Fredrickson, J., Gibson, K., Bryant, R. A., Bisson, J., Burke, S., Busuttil, W., Coghlan, A., Creamer, M., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00483 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Gonzalez, A., Locicero, B., Mahaffey, B., Fleming, C., Harris, J., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2016) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515615354 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“To date, there have been several trials evaluating the utility of mindfulness in PTSD symptom reduction (Bormann, Oman, Walter, & Johnson, 2014; Kearney, McDermott, Malte, Martinez, & Simpson, 2012; King et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMelton, H., Meader, N., Dale, H. E., Wright, K. E., Jones-Diette, J. S., Temple, M., Shah, I., Lovell, K., McMillan, D., Churchill, R. C., et al. (2020) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta24430 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Effects of Resilience Strength Training on Constructs Associated with Moral Injury among Veterans
Barth, T. M., Lord, C. G., Thakkar, V. J., & Brock, R. N. (2020) · Journal of Veterans Studies · doi:10.21061/jvs.v6i2.199 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…design was informed by research on the spiritual and religious aspects of moral injury (Drescher et al., 2013; Harris et al., 2011), on mindfulness (King et al., 2013), on the adaptive disclosure protocol (Litz, et. al., 2016), and on the efficacy of ritual in the neurological transformation of…”
BackgroundMethodPTSD: Past, present and future implications for China
Zhou, Y., Shang, Z., Zhang, F., Wu, L., Sun, L., Jia, Y., Yu, H., & Liu, W. (2021) · Chinese Journal of Traumatology · doi:10.1016/j.cjtee.2021.04.011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Building a More Diverse and Inclusive Science: Mindfulness-Based Approaches for Latinx Individuals
Nagy, G. A., Cuervo, C., Rodríguez, E. Y. R., Vilardaga, J. P., Zerubavel, N., West, J. L., Falick, M. C., & Parra, D. C. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-01846-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“, 2015), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT; King et al., 2013), and compassion meditation (Hinton et al.”
BackgroundVermetten, E. H. G. J. M., & Jetly, R. (2018) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2018.1459973 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“These are considered part of third line, cognitive-based therapies, such as ACT (Orsillo & Batten, 2005) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (King et al., 2013).”
BackgroundA Qualitative Investigation of the Experience of Mindfulness Training among Police Officers
Eddy, A., Bergman, A. L., Kaplan, J., Goerling, R. J., & Christopher, M. S. (2019) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-019-09340-7 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schoenberg, P. L. A., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2014) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-014-9308-y · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“2012), anxiety-based disorders (Evans et al. 2008; Kim et al. 2009; King et al. 2013), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders (Zylowska et al.”
Joss, D., & Teicher, M. H. (2021) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-021-00240-4 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Daigneault, I., Dion, J., Hébert, M., & Bourgeois, C. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0571-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Dixon, H. D., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23036 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Pigeon, W. R., Allen, C. E., Possemato, K., Bergen‐Cico, D., & Treatman, S. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0340-0 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-Compassion as a Resource of Resilience
Austin, J., Drossaert, C. H. C., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_10 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Frewen, P., Rogers, N., Flodrowski, L., & Lanius, R. A. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0402-y · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“2002) as interventions for persons with PTSD or PTSD-related symptoms either in combat veterans (Kearney et al. 2012; King et al. 2013; Niles et al. 2012) or women with histories of childhood abuse (Goldsmith et al.”
BackgroundMüller-Engelmann, M., Wünsch, S., Volk, M., & Steil, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01407 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“These reviews include different techniques, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; e.g., Kearney et al., 2013), mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (King et al., 2013), yoga (e.g., van der Kolk et al., 2014), and a mantram repetition program (e.g., Borman et al., 2013).”
MethodPTSD as a moderator of a parenting intervention for military families.
Chesmore, A. A., Piehler, T. F., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2017) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000366 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Although female and male veterans demonstrate similar profiles for PTSD symptoms, some research shows that women tend to report more difficulties with concentration and distress whereas men tend to report more frequent nightmares, emotional numbness, and hypervigilance (King et al., 2013).”
Call, D. C., Pitcock, J. A., & Pyne, J. M. (2015) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0400-0 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“…indicating that integrating mindfulness practice can be a beneficial aspect of an overall wellness treatment package for soldiers (Heydenfeldt et al. 2011; Stanley and Jha 2009) and veterans (King et al. 2013; Owens et al. 2012), more research needs to be completed in order to confirm this finding.”
Tsur, N., Defrin, R., & Ginzburg, K. (2017) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000461 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Efficacy of a brief treatment for nightmares and sleep disturbances for veterans.
Balliett, N. E., Davis, J. L., & Miller, K. E. (2015) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000055 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Yuan, G. F., Park, C. L., Birkeland, S. R., Yip, P. S. Y., & Hall, B. J. (2021) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22673 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Schoorl, M., Mil-Klinkenberg, L. V., & van der Does, W. A. J. (2014) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0346-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Kelly, A. (2015) · Smith College Studies in Social Work · doi:10.1080/00377317.2015.1021191 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“One RCT exploring the use of MindfulnessBased Cognitive Therapy found medium effect sizes for decreases in PTSD symptoms for combat Veterans suffering from trauma symptoms for longer than 10 years (King et al., 2013).”
MethodInfluentialExtensions and Mechanisms of Mindfulness‐based Cognitive Therapy: A Review of the Evidence
Metcalf, C. A., & Dimidjian, S. (2014) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12074 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Finally, MBCT was acceptable as a treatment for PTSD among military veterans and was associated with significant PTSD symptom severity reductions post-intervention as compared with TAU in a nonrandomised trial (King et al., 2013).”
MethodBreaking Beyond the Borders of the Brain: Self-Control as a Situated Ability
Yahya, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.617434 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nordin, L., & Perrin, S. G. (2019) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1415 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Xu, W., An, Y., Ding, X., Yuan, G., Zhuang, Y., & Goh, P. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.029 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“There is also substantial evidence of the effectiveness of mindfulness-based interventions in reducing the negative outcomes of traumatic events (Boden et al., 2012; King et al., 2013; Niles et al., 2012; Thompson, Arnkoff, & Glass, 2011).”
BackgroundAssociations between Mindfulness Facets and PTSD Symptom Severity in Psychiatric Inpatients
Martin, C. E., Bartlett, B. A., Reddy, M. K., Gonzalez, A., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2018) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-018-0904-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Trait mindfulness and PTSD symptom clusters: Considering the influence of emotion dysregulation
Reffi, A. N., Pinciotti, C. M., Darnell, B. C., & Orcutt, H. K. (2018) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2018.08.010 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Richardson, A., Gurung, G., Samaranayaka, A., Gardner, D. H., deGraaf, B., Wyeth, E., Derrett, S., Shepherd, D., & McBride, D. I. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0231460 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Solomon, T., & Esmaeili, B. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094998 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In practice, mindfulness has been applied as a treatment to mental and behavioral health issues, including stress, anxiety, and depression [12,13,22,23], which incidentally can enhance workplace safety.”
BackgroundHelping traumatized people survive: a psychoanalytic intervention in a contaminated site
Guglielmucci, F., Franzoi, I. G., Barbasio, C. P., Borgogno, F. V., & Granieri, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01419 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…we know, there is no evidence of group interventions in CSs. Group interventions for PTSD patients are mostly cognitive (Fallot and Harris, 2002; Cox et al., 2007; King et al., 2013) or psycho-education programs (Kiser et al., 2010; Sherman et al., 2011; Shumway et al., 2011; Fischer et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFelleman, B. I., Stewart, D. G., Simpson, T. L., Heppner, P., & Kearney, D. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0527-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The observed reductions in PTSD are consistent with prior trials of MBCT (King et al. 2013) and MBSR for PTSD (Kearney et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCherry, M. L., & Wilcox, M. (2020) · International Journal of Stress Management · doi:10.1037/str0000138 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-Compassion and Trauma Processing Outcomes Among Victims of Violence
Valdez, C. E., & Lilly, M. M. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-015-0442-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Colgan, D. D., Wahbeh, H., Pleet, M. M., Besler, K., & Christopher, M. (2017) · Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1177/2156587216684999 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
From Animal Behavior to Human Health
Schramm, E., Hediger, K., & Lang, U. E. (2015) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000220 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
de Castro, J. M. (2015) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2015.04.022 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“…has been employed with great benefit in schools (Zennerv et al., 2014), businesses (Aikens et al., 2014; Wolever et al., 2012), the armed forces (King et al., 2013), with police and firefighters (Smith et al., 2011; Williams, Ciarrochi, & Patrick Deane, 2010), and even in prisons (Himelstein,…”
Joss, D., Lazar, S. W., & Teicher, M. H. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111087 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“, 2020), such as providing audio instructions for meditation practice of various lengths (2, 10, 20 or 30 minutes, as opposed to the original 45 minutes), inclusion of the 3minute breathing space practice (King et al., 2013), incorporation of more mindful movement components, as well as cultivating a sense of empowerm…”
BackgroundBenfer, N., Spitzer, E. G., & Bardeen, J. R. (2021) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2021.102360 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Hicks, L. M., Dayton, C. J., & Victor, B. G. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.05.044 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Reyes, A. T., Serafica, R., & Sojobi, A. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.005 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Rumination and mindfulness related to multiple types of trauma exposure.
Im, S., & Follette, V. M. (2016) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000090 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
- Authors
- King, A. P., Erickson, T. M., Giardino, N. D., Favorite, T., Rauch, S. A. M., Robinson, E., Kulkarni, M., & Liberzon, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Seattle Pacific University (US)
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Anthony P.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Depression and Anxiety
- Publisher
- Hindawi Limited
- Published
- 2013-04-17
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 638-645
- ISSN
- 1091-4269 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4373594
- OpenAlex
- W2111759976
- Cited by
- 266
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 28.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Depression and Anxiety (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense (W81XWH0820208)
- Mind and Life Institute
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000433)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Telemedicine and Advanced Technology Research Center
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, combat veterans, post-traumatic stress disorder, group therapy, treatment acceptability, treatment feasibility, posttraumatic stress symptoms, avoidance symptoms, self-blame, adjunctive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Analysis of Variance, Humans, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Brief, Psychotherapy, Group, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Veterans, Treatment Outcome, Meditation, Mindfulness
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