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Fast food consumption among young adolescents aged 12–15 years in 54 low- and middle-income countries
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Most countries worldwide, especially low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), are facing an increasing prevalence of fast-food consumption and multiple burdens of malnutrition among young adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of fast-food consumption among young adolescents in LMICs. METHODS: We used data from the most recent Global School-Based Student Health Survey (2009-2015), which had been collected using a standardized questionnaire. The weighted prevalence and 95% confidential intervals of fast-food consumption were calculated overall and in subgroups stratified by age, sex, and nutritional status. The pooled overall and regional estimates were obtained using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using the I2 statistic. The associated risk factors for fast-food consumption were explored using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Our study comprised 153,496 young adolescents (46.90% boys) from 54 LMICs. Overall, approximately 55.2% (51.3-59.1%) of the adolescents consumed fast food at least 1 day per week, and 10.3% (8.3-12.4%) did so 4-7 days per week. The prevalence of fast-food consumption 4-7 days per week was lowest in the Americas (8.3%; 6.7-9.9%) and highest in Southeast Asia (17.7%; 2.3-33.2%). At a country level, the prevalence was lowest in Pakistan (1.5%; 1.0-2.0%) and highest in Thailand (43.3%; 40.4-46.1%). Furthermore, in subgroups stratified by nutritional status, the prevalence was lowest in the obesity group (6.6%; 4.5-8.7%). Factors such as age, sex, BMI, food insecurity, fruit consumption, vegetable consumption, soft-drink consumption, smoking, physical activity level, and sedentary behavior level were found to be correlated with fast-food consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The identified high prevalence of fast-food consumption among young adolescents in LMICs indicates the urgent need to prioritize the implementation of healthy-diet promotion programs to improve adolescent health in these countries.
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“Adolescents in both low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) frequently have diets that are calorie-dense yet nutrient-deficient, marked by excessive consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB), ultra-processed foods, and insufficient intake of FV [11–13].”
From School-based healthy eating interventions for adolescents aged 10–19 years: an umbrella review (2024) · cites this paper as [11]
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BackgroundInfluentialInterconexiones entre cultura y seguridad alimentaria: Factores socioeconómicos y tradicionales
Zúñiga, E. J. L., Esponda-Pérez, J. A., Rateike, L. Á., Trujillo, A. M. Á., Ramos, P. A., & García, M. I. H. (2025) · LATAM Revista Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades · doi:10.56712/latam.v6i2.3618 · Cited by 2
Mahmood, H., Shaikh, B. T., Pervaiz, F., & Idrees, M. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-24734-5 · Cited by 7
Young Adolescent Health and Well-Being
Mertens, S. Β., & Caskey, M. M. (2023) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/979-8-88730-203-420251004 · Cited by 2
Stravování a vztah k jídlu u českých adolescentů ve 21. století
Pipová, H., Dolejš, M., Suchá, J., Kostková, M., & Urešová, A. (2020) · doi:10.5507/ff.20.24458212 · Cited by 3
Generation Z's Perception of Fast Food's Product Safety, Nutrition, and Health
Tahir, N. S., Ahmad, Y., Bustami, M. R., Hamid, S. N. F. A., Zamri, N. E. M. M., & Mulyany, R. (2022) · Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal · doi:10.21834/ebpj.v7i20.3441 · Cited by 2
HEALTH EDUCATION BY PEER COUNSELORS INCREASES ADOLESCENT KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HEALTHY LIFESTYLES
Rachmawati, P. D., Kurnia, I. D., Arief, Y. S., Qur’aniati, N., Kristiawati, K., Krisnana, I., & Nastiti, A. A. (2023) · Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Dalam Kesehatan · doi:10.20473/jpmk.v6i1.49590 · Cited by 6
Comparative determination of factors affecting attitude level towards healthy nutrition
Özdemir, S., & Baltacı, F. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80128-4 · Cited by 4
Oktavia, A. D., & Prasetya, G. (2022) · JURNAL MUTIARA KESEHATAN MASYARAKAT · doi:10.51544/jmkm.v7i2.3525 · Cited by 2
Junk Food Consumption Among Adolescents in IbadanPreprint
Akinola, A. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4575994 · Cited by 2
Cross-Sectional Study on Overweight and Obesity Associated with Fast-Food Consumption in Bangladesh
Sultana, F., Siddiqui, S. A., Islam, M. A., Muktadir, M. A., Millat, M. S., Islam, M. M., Tareq, A. M., Afroz, N., Rahman, M., Amin, M. N., et al. (2022) · Makara Journal of Health Research · doi:10.7454/msk.v26i2.1347 · Cited by 1
A Comparison between Attitudes and Knowledge Towards Fast-Food and Probiotics of Undergraduates
CEBİRBAY, M. A., & EKİNOĞLU, E. (2024) · Mutiara Medika: Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan · doi:10.18196/mmjkk.v24i1.21032 · Cited by 1
Devy, Jansen, & Yani, H. (2024) · International Journal of Public Health Excellence (IJPHE) · doi:10.55299/ijphe.v3i2.752 · Cited by 1
Role of Food and Dietary Choices in Shaping Health Behavior of Chinese Families
Shi, Q. (2024) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.48.2.15 · Cited by 1
Kamil, N. Z. I. A., Mokhtar, A. H., Yahya, A., Zain, F. M., Selamat, R., Ishak, Z., & Jalaludin, M. Y. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-20725-0 · Cited by 1
Fast food consumption has a great impact on the aging process — A review
Awlqadr, F. H., Altemimi, A. B., Qadir, S. A., Alkanan, Z. T., Faraj, A. M., ALKaisy, Q. H., & Abedelmaksoud, T. G. (2025) · Theory and practice of meat processing · doi:10.21323/2414-438x-2025-10-1-11-31 · Cited by 2
AI-Based Health Assistant for Young Adults
Chen, X., Yu, B., Fan, H., Azizan, M. F. B., Ann, O. C., Merritt, T. R., & Fernando, O. N. N. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93418-6_18 · Cited by 1
Akter, S., Banna, M. H. A., Tetteh, J. K., Mallick, T., Azhar, B. S., Nahar, J., Chowdhury, M. J., Wilfred, A. G. G., & Sahrin, S. (2025) · BMC Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s40795-025-01101-6 · Cited by 1
“Previous study [23] reported the rates of fast food consumption among adolescents varied from countries to countries, such as Pakistan had the lowest prevalence (1.5”
InfluentialObesity in Children and Socioeconomic Factors: Thailand Perspectives
Sritart, H., & Taertulakarn, S. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-32047-7_173-1 · Cited by 1
Li, H., Jing, Z., Li, R., Shen, Z., Bai, T., & Song, Q. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1662823 · Cited by 2
“In addition to the in fl uence of lifestyle and medical resources (38, 39), factors such as a high prevalence of metabolic syndrome (40) and changes in population demographics are major reasons for the increasing disease burden in this region (41, 42).”
Self-citationHeartrending Contention of Processed Food
Haque, M. (2021) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_42_21 · Cited by 1
Fast-Food Consumption among Children According to Shari'ah Perspective
Ramli, M. A., Omar, M. H., & Jamaludin, M. A. (2021) · Halalsphere · doi:10.31436/hs.v1i2.17 · Cited by 1
Yosef, D. K., & Osman, F. A. (2024) · Applied Medical Research · doi:10.47363/amr/2024(11)240 · Cited by 1
Briawan, D., Alfiah, E., & Putri, P. A. (2024) · Jurnal Gizi dan Dietetik Indonesia (Indonesian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics) · doi:10.21927/ijnd.2024.12(2).59-79 · Cited by 1
“Meanwhile, vegetable consumption was linked with higher fast-food consumption which associated with poor kind of diet (23,24).”
BackgroundIdentification of a Social Problem: Fast-food Intake among Youth – An Interactive Narrative Review
Krubaa, P. (2024) · SBV Journal of Basic Clinical and Applied Health Science · doi:10.4103/sbvj.sbvj_50_24 · Cited by 1
Leal, Y. A. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819828-5.00001-2 · Cited by 1
RISING FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS IN URBAN AREA : CALL FOR CONCERN
Vishal, R., Mishra, C. P., & Srivastava, P. (2022) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH · doi:10.36106/ijsr/4122294 · Cited by 1
Samad, N., Bearne, L., Akter, F., Delord, M., & Parmar, D. (2023) · doi:10.17504/protocols.io.kqdg3x87eg25/v1
My Child Repudiates to Regular Meals: Basis and Innuendo
Chowdhury, K., Ahmad, R., Sinha, S., & Haque, M. (2024) · Advances in Human Biology · doi:10.4103/aihb.aihb_59_24 · Cited by 1
Catherine, W. K., Moyo, M., Mwaura, L., & Muzhingi, T. (2021) · International Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.5897/ijnam2021.0287
Nutritional problems of adolescents
Gordon, S., & Ruxton, C. H. S. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821848-8.00010-x
Ping, T., Zheng, M., Zhang, P., Yan, T., Miao, X., Lian, K., & Wang, K. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4020661
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on teenagers’ diet
Adumitrăchioaiei, H., & Luca, A.-C. (2022) · Medic ro · doi:10.26416/med.148.4.2022.7014
Consumption of snacks and energy by adolescents and overweight
Ciampo, L. A. D., & Ciampo, I. R. L. D. (2023) · Revista Paulista de Pediatria · doi:10.1590/1984-0462/2023/41/2022118
Khan, N. W. (2023) · Journal of Development and Social Sciences · doi:10.47205/jdss.2023(4-iii)58
Nazri, N. A. N. M., Nizam, K. K. M., Nasran, N. S., Ngali, N. B., & Rahmat, N. B. (2023) · International Journal of Business and Technology Management · doi:10.55057/ijbtm.2023.5.s1.7
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, L., Sun, N., Zhang, L., Xu, G., Liu, J., Hu, J., Zhang, Z., Lou, J., Deng, H., Shen, Z., & Han, L.
- Affiliations
- Ningbo University (CN)
- Ningbo College of Health Sciences (CN)
- Harbin Medical University (CN)
- Weifang Medical University (CN)
- Nutrition Department, Yuyao People’s Hospital, Yuyao, Zhejiang, PR China
- Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital (CN)
- Ningbo No. 2 Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Zhisen
- Han, Liyuan
- ORCID
- Venue
- Global Health Action
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-08-07
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1795438-1795438
- ISSN
- 1654-9716 (ISSN-L)
- 1654-9880
- PMC
- PMC7480506
- OpenAlex
- W3047735631
- Cited by
- 135
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 9.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Global Health Action (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC1310902)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (U1503223)
- Ningbo Health Branding Subject Fund (PPXK2018-02)
- Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen (SZSM201803080)
- K.C. Wong Magna Fund of Ningbo University
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Consumer Attitudes and Food Labeling
- Keywords
- fast food consumption, early adolescents, low- and middle-income countries, prevalence, nutritional status, obesity, food insecurity, soft drink consumption, fruit and vegetable intake, sedentary behavior, physical activity, smoking, healthy eating promotion, adolescent nutrition
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Developing Countries, Diet, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Fast Foods
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