Fast-Food and Full-Service Restaurant Consumption Among Children and Adolescents: Effect on Energy, Beverage, and Nutrient Intake
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption on total energy intake, dietary indicators, and beverage consumption. DESIGN: Individual-level fixed-effects estimation based on 2 nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls. SETTING: Nationally representative data from the 2003-2004, 2005-2006, and 2007-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2 to 11 years (n = 4717) and adolescents aged 12 to 19 years (n = 4699). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Daily total energy intake in kilocalories; intake of grams of sugar, total fat, saturated fat, and protein and milligrams of sodium; and total grams of sugar-sweetened beverages, regular soda, and milk consumed. RESULTS: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126.29 kcal and 160.49 kcal for children and 309.53 kcal and 267.30 kcal for adolescents and with higher intake of regular soda (73.77 g and 88.28 g for children and 163.67 g and 107.25 g for adolescents) and sugar-sweetened beverages generally. Fast-food consumption increased intake of total fat (7.03-14.36 g), saturated fat (1.99-4.64 g), and sugar (5.71-16.24 g) for both age groups and sodium (396.28 mg) and protein (7.94 g) for adolescents. Full-service restaurant consumption was associated with increases in all nutrients examined. Additional key findings were (1) adverse effects on diet were larger for lower-income children and adolescents and (2) among adolescents, increased soda intake was twice as large when fast food was consumed away from home than at home. CONCLUSION: Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption is associated with higher net total energy intake and poorer diet quality.
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- Findingown data
In adolescents, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 16 g of sugar intake.
“fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an additional 16g and 7g of sugar intake, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 625 mg of sodium intake.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption increased sodium intake by 396mg and 625mg, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, boys showed a larger increase in total calories on fast-food days than girls: 157 kcal versus 90 kcal.
“Compared to females, male children and adolescents consumed more additional total calories on days that they consumed fast food (157 versus 90 kcal for children and 389 versus 231 kcal for adolescents).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast food eaten away from home, but not at home, was linked to a decrease in milk intake of 42 g.
“However, consumption AFH but not at home was significantly associated with less milk intake (−42g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 160 kcal in daily energy intake for children and 267 kcal for adolescents.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Consuming from a full-service restaurant also was associated with higher energy intake among children (+160 kcal) and adolescents (+267 kcal).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
Among children, fast-food meals were linked to larger increases in soda and sodium intake for Hispanic children.
“There were generally few differences by race in intake patterns associated with fast-food consumption among children, although it was associated with higher additional intakes of soda and sodium among Hispanic children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, fast-food and full-service restaurant meals were linked to similar increases in saturated fat intake, about 4-5 g.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g) and had similar effects on saturated fat (+4–5g) intake for adolescents.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingcitation
Among adolescents, fast-food meals raised sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake by about 13%, 22%, 25%, and 17% of daily reference levels, respectively.
“fast-food consumption among adolescents increased sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake by approximately 13%, 22%, 25% and 17% of the daily reference levels of these respective nutrients.12–14”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [12] U.S. Department of Agriculture and U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010 7 Washington, DC U.S. Government Printing Office 2010 PMC3090168 22332062
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [13] Food and Drug Administration Food Labeling Guide: Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide 9 1994 Revised October 2009. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients. Available at: http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/GuidanceDocuments/FoodLabelingNutrition/FoodLabelingGuide/ucm064928.htm. 2009
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [14] National Academy of Science, Institute of Medicine Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids (macronutrients) Washington, D.C The National Academies Press 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast food eaten away from home was not significantly linked to total fat, saturated fat, sugar, protein, or sodium intake.
“whereas fast-food consumption AFH was not significantly associated with these nutrient measures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, fast-food meals were linked to a larger increase in soda intake for white teens (196 g) than for black (89 g) or Hispanic (95 g) teens.
“Among adolescents, fast-food consumption was associated with substantially higher intakes of soda for white compared to black and Hispanic teens (+196g compared to +89g and +95g)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, fast-food and full-service restaurant meals were linked to similar increases in total fat intake, about 14 g.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g) and had similar effects on saturated fat (+4–5g) intake for adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 8 g of protein intake.
“Protein intake was also higher for teens on days that they consumed from fast food (+8g) or full-service restaurants (+13g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast-food meals were linked to a smaller increase in fat intake for high-income families.
“Increased intakes of SSBs and soda were also lower for children in high-income families, as was additional fat intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast food eaten at home was linked to larger increases in total fat (7 g), saturated fat (2 g), sugar (8 g), protein (2 g), and sodium (134 g) than fast food eaten away from home.
“For children, consuming fast food at home compared to AFH was associated with higher additional intakes of all total fat (+7g), saturated fat (+2g), sugar (+8g), protein (+2g), and sodium (134g)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, boys showed a larger increase in total calories on fast-food days than girls: 389 kcal versus 231 kcal.
“Compared to females, male children and adolescents consumed more additional total calories on days that they consumed fast food (157 versus 90 kcal for children and 389 versus 231 kcal for adolescents).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 7 g of total fat intake.
“For children, both fast-food and full-service consumption were associated with higher intakes of sugar (+6g and +15g), total fat (+7g and +6g) and saturated fat (both +2g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, both fast-food and full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 2 g of saturated fat intake.
“For children, both fast-food and full-service consumption were associated with higher intakes of sugar (+6g and +15g), total fat (+7g and +6g) and saturated fat (both +2g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 396 mg of sodium intake.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption increased sodium intake by 396mg and 625mg, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were linked to slightly larger increases in SSB and soda intake when eaten away from home.
“Fast-food consumption was associated with greater SSB and soda consumption to a slightly higher extent when consumed AFH.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 15 g of sugar intake.
“For children, both fast-food and full-service consumption were associated with higher intakes of sugar (+6g and +15g)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast-food meals were linked to a smaller increase in calories for high-income families (68 kcal) than for low-income (159 kcal) or middle-income (175 kcal) families.
“Among children, fast-food consumption resulted in fewer additional calories consumed in high-income (+68kcal) compared to low-income (+159 kcal) and middle-income (+175 kcal) families.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 13 g of protein intake.
“Protein intake was also higher for teens on days that they consumed from fast food (+8g) or full-service restaurants (+13g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, the increase in soda intake from fast food was twice as large when eaten away from home as at home: 200 g versus 99 g.
“additional SSB and soda intakes were twice as high when fast food was consumed AFH compared to at home: 226g compared to 81g higher SSB intake and 200g compared to 99g higher soda intake.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 226 mg of sodium intake.
“However, only full-service restaurant consumption was associated with sodium intake (+226mg) and it was associated with higher protein intake (+3 g).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 3 g of protein intake.
“However, only full-service restaurant consumption was associated with sodium intake (+226mg) and it was associated with higher protein intake (+3 g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among children, fast-food meals were linked to smaller increases in SSB and soda intake for high-income families.
“Increased intakes of SSBs and soda were also lower for children in high-income families, as was additional fat intake.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were associated with higher protein intake in adolescents.
“and was associated with higher intake of protein for adolescents”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, fast-food meals were linked to a larger increase in sugar intake for white teens than for black or Hispanic teens.
“and correspondingly higher additional intakes of sugar.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food restaurant meals were linked to higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake, by 91 g in children and 162 g in adolescents.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, resulted in higher intakes of SSBs (+91g and +143g for children and +162g and +126g for adolescents) in general”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In adolescents, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 7 g of sugar intake.
“fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption was associated with an additional 16g and 7g of sugar intake, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
In children, full-service restaurant meals were linked to an additional 6 g of total fat intake.
“For children, both fast-food and full-service consumption were associated with higher intakes of sugar (+6g and +15g), total fat (+7g and +6g) and saturated fat (both +2g).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, the increase in SSB intake from fast food was twice as large when eaten away from home as at home: 226 g versus 81 g.
“additional SSB and soda intakes were twice as high when fast food was consumed AFH compared to at home: 226g compared to 81g higher SSB intake and 200g compared to 99g higher soda intake.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Full-service restaurant meals were linked to higher sugar-sweetened beverage intake, by 143 g in children and 126 g in adolescents.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, resulted in higher intakes of SSBs (+91g and +143g for children and +162g and +126g for adolescents) in general”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were a greater source of increased protein intake for low-income youths than for middle- or high-income youths.
“At the same time, fast-food consumption was also a greater source of increased protein for low- compared to middle- and high-income youths.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Both fast-food and full-service restaurant meals were linked to lower milk intake, by about 30 g in children and 50 g in adolescents.
“Both fast food and full-service restaurant consumption reduced milk intake by approximately 30g for children and 50g for adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals showed no association with protein intake in children.
“However, we found that fast-food consumption had no association with protein intake for children”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were linked to larger increases in sugar, fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake for low-income youths than for high-income youths.
“Fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional intakes of sugar, fat, saturated fat and sodium for low-income youths compared to their high-income counterparts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were linked to a larger increase in sodium intake for black youths (592 mg) than for white (366 mg) or Hispanic (319 mg) youths.
“Fast-food consumption also increased sodium intake to a greater extent for black youths (+592mg) compared to white (+366mg) and Hispanic (+319mg) youths.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Full-service restaurant meals were linked to higher regular soda intake, by 88 g in children and 107 g in adolescents.
“higher intakes of regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents), in particular.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
- Findingown data
In children, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 6 g of sugar intake.
“For children, both fast-food and full-service consumption were associated with higher intakes of sugar (+6g and +15g)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among higher-income children, fast-food meals showed no significant link to sugar, protein, or sodium intake.
“Fast-food consumption had no significant effects on higher-income children’s intake of sugar, protein and sodium.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Fast-food meals were linked to a larger increase in total fat intake for black youths (20 g) than for white (12 g) or Hispanic (15 g) youths.
“However, fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional total fat intake for black (+20g) compared to white (+12g) and Hispanic (+15g) youths.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, fast-food meals were linked to a larger increase in calories for lower-income families (384 kcal) than for middle-income (290 kcal) or high-income (294 kcal) families.
“Among adolescents, those from lower-income families had larger increases in caloric intake when they consumed fast food (+384 kcal) compared to teens from middle-income (+290 kcal) and high-income (+294 kcal) families.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Findingown data
Among adolescents, the overall increase in calories from fast food was similar whether eaten away from home or at home.
“For teens, overall additional caloric intake was similar when fast food was consumed AFH versus at home.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Study design and conductnone given
The study did not distinguish restaurant consumption by meal occasion.
“Finally, this study did not differentiate restaurant consumption by meal occasions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
All time-constant confounders were accounted for in the fixed-effects regression.
“Nonetheless, all time-constant confounders were accounted for in the fixed effects regression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
For adolescents, the share of total energy from fast-food restaurants rose from 6.5% to 17% over 1977-78 to 2003-06.
“In particular, for adolescents, over this period, the percent of total energy from fast-food restaurants increased from 6.5% to 17%.2, 3”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [2] Poti JM Popkin BM Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977–2006 J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 8 1156 1164 21802561 PMC3148484
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [3] Nielsen SJ Siega-Riz AM Popkin BM Trends in energy intake in U.S. between 1977 and 1996: Similar shifts seen across age groups Obes Res 2002 10 5 370 378 12006636
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductown data
The analyses did not account for other time-varying confounders, such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect day-to-day food preferences.
“due to data limitations our analyses did not account other time-varying confounders such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect food preferences day to day.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The extra calories from restaurant meals are not offset by a sufficient reduction in non-restaurant calories on those days.
“Thus, the evidence clearly suggests that non-restaurant caloric intake is not sufficiently reduced to compensate for additional calories obtained on days when consuming from restaurants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Study design and conductcitation
The individual-level fixed-effects model removed time-invariant unobserved characteristics related to food and beverage preferences.
“Importantly, the individual-level fixed effects model removed the time-invariant unobserved characteristics related to food and beverage preferences.11”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [11] Wooldridge JM Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data Cambridge, MA MIT Press 2002
Not checked in the free run.
- Study design and conductreasoning
The individual-level fixed-effects model removed the effects of all standard time-invariant observed characteristics, including age, gender, race, and household or parental characteristics.
“This model removed the effects of all standard time-invariant observed characteristics such as age, gender, and race and given the short time span between the day 1 and day 2 dietary recalls it also removed the effects of household/parental characteristics such as marital status, education, income etc.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 10
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 2
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong adolescents, fast-food meals were linked to larger increases in SSBs, soda, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium for boys than girls, but not for sugar.
“Fast-food consumption was associated with higher additional intake of SSBs, soda, protein, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium but not sugar for male compared to female teens.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong children, fast food eaten at home was linked to an additional 147 kcal, compared with 77 kcal when eaten away from home.
“Fast food consumption at home increased children’s total caloric intake by 147 kcal, compared to 77 kcal from consumption AFH.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong adolescents, total fat, saturated fat, and sodium intake were higher when fast food was eaten at home.
“Both total and saturated fat and sodium were higher when fast food was consumed at home.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown dataFast-food restaurant meals were linked to higher regular soda intake, by 74 g in children and 163 g in adolescents.
“higher intakes of regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents)”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“regular soda (+74g and +88g for children and +163g and +107g for adolescents), in particular.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong children, fast-food restaurant meals were linked to an additional 126 kcal in daily energy intake; among adolescents, the corresponding figure was 310 kcal.
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption, respectively, was associated with a net increase in daily total energy intake of 126 kcal and 160 kcal for children and 310 kcal and 267 kcal for adolescents”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“Fast-food restaurant consumption was associated with an increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“consuming from a fast-food restaurant was associated with a net increase in total daily energy intake of 126 kcal for children and 310 kcal for adolescents.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
- Rests on an assumption: Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFast-food consumption has been linked to higher total energy intake and poorer nutrient intake.
“consumption has been associated with greater total energy intake and poorer nutrient intakes.5–9”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked- cites [5] French SA Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fulkerson JA Hannan P Fast food restaurant use among adolescents: associations with nutrient intake, food choices and behavioral and psychosocial variables International Journal of Obesity 2001 25 12 1823 1833 11781764
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [6] Paeratakul S Ferdinand DP Champagne CM Ryan DH Bray GA Fast-food consumption among US adults and children: dietary and nutrient intake profile J Am Diet Assoc 2003 103 10 1332 1338 14520253
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [7] Bowman SA Gortmaker SL Ebbeling CB Pereira MA Ludwig DS Effects of Fast-Food Consumption on Energy Intake and Diet Quality Among Children in a National Household Survey Pediatrics 2004 113 1 112 118 14702458
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [8] Sebastian RS Wilkinson Enns C Goldman JD US Adolescents and MyPyramid: Associations between Fast-Food Consumption and Lower Likelihood of Meeting Recommendations J Am Diet Assoc 2009 109 2 226 235 19167949
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [9] Schmidt M Affenito SG Striegel-Moore R Fast-food intake and diet quality in black and white girls: the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Growth and Health Study Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2005 159 7 626 631 15996994
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFrom 1977-78 to 2003-06, among children aged 2 to 18, the share of total calories from fast-food restaurants rose from 2% to 13%, and the share from full-service restaurants rose from 1% to 5%.
“From 1977–78 through 2003–06, among children aged 2 to 18, the contribution to total caloric intake from fast-food and full-service restaurant sources increased from 2% to 13% and from 1% to 5%, respectively.1, 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1] Guthrie JF Lin BH Frazao E Role of food prepared away from home in the American diet, 1977–78 versus 1994–96: Changes and consequences Journal of Nutrition Education & Behavior 2002 34 3 140 150 12047838
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [2] Poti JM Popkin BM Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977–2006 J Am Diet Assoc 2011 111 8 1156 1164 21802561 PMC3148484
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNHANES is an ongoing survey with a complex, multistage sampling design intended to be nationally representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population.
“NHANES is an ongoing survey based on a complex, multistage sampling design to be nationally representative of the civilian, non-institutionalized U.S. population.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [10] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Data 2011 Hyattsville, MD U.S., Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataEstimation accounted for the complex, multistage probability sampling design of NHANES.
“Estimation was undertaken using STATA 11.1 and accounted for the NHANES complex, multistage probability sampling design.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe 24-hour dietary recall data were self-reported and subject to error, and such data have been shown to under-report intake.
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [17] Mertz W Tsui JC Judd JT What are people really eating? The relation between energy intake derived from estimated diet records and intake determined to maintain body weight The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1991 54 2 291 295 1858692
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [18] Briefel RR Sempos CT McDowell MA Chien S Alaimo K Dietary methods research in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: underreporting of energy intake The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1997 65 4 1203S 1209S 9094923
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFrom 1999 to 2004, frequent fast-food consumption (at least three times per week) among adolescents rose from 19% to 27% in females and from 24% to 30% in males.
“From 1999 to 2004, frequent (≥ 3 times/week) fast-food consumption among adolescents increased from 19% to 27% for females and 24% to 30% for males.4”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [4] Bauer KW Larson NI Nelson MC Story M Neumark-Sztainer D Fast food intake among adolescents: Secular and longitudinal trends from 1999 to 2004 Preventive Medicine 2009 48 3 284 287 19166872
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenMuch prior work examined fast-food but not full-service restaurant consumption, used older or non-nationally representative data or cross-sectional methods, and within-person studies did not control for other away-from-home food intake or the day of the week.
“Much of the existing literature focused on the association of fast-food but not full-service restaurant consumption with energy intake and diet and used older and/or non-nationally representative data and/or cross-sectional methods and those studies that did use within-person comparisons did not control for other forms of FAFH intake or the day of the week on which it was consumed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The fixed-effects estimates are not materially biased by time-varying unobserved confounders such as physical activity or day-to-day food preferences.
“due to data limitations our analyses did not account other time-varying confounders such as physical activity or other unobserved factors that might affect food preferences day to day.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Self-reported 24-hour dietary recall data are accurate enough to estimate the associations between restaurant consumption and energy or nutrient intake.
“First, the 24-hour dietary recall data were obtained via self-report and are subject to error; such data have been shown to under-report.17, 18”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children.
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion reports studies linking fast-food consumption in children to lower milk, fruit, vegetable, and vitamin C intake. It reports lower beta-carotene intake, but does not state that vitamin A intake was lower. The Results also find lower milk intake for children consuming fast food away from home. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRestaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds.
“Restaurant foods and beverages are second only to grocery store foods and beverages in their contribution to total energy intake of U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds [1–3].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that fast-food and full-service restaurants contributed to total caloric intake among children aged 2–18. It does not compare restaurant sources with grocery stores or establish that restaurants rank second for U.S. 4- to 11-year-olds; the Methods describe a different age group, children aged 2–11. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAmong U.S. children, one third eat food from quick-service restaurants on a given day.
“considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2]”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion describes fast-food consumption as highly prevalent, and the Methods define consumption from a fast-food restaurant on a given day. Neither section, nor the Introduction’s figures on calorie share and weekly consumption, establishes that one third of U.S. children eat fast food on a given day. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsumption of foods from quick service and full service restaurants has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children.
“consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
From Healthier side dishes at restaurants: an analysis of children's perspectives, menu content, and energy impacts (2014) · cites this paper as [4]
Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages in children.
“Restaurant food and beverages have been linked with overconsumption of calories, sodium, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar-sweetened beverages as well as under-consumption of milk, fruits, vegetables, and vitamins A and C in children [2, 4–7].”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Children frequently consume foods from restaurants.
“Children frequently consume foods from restaurants”
From Child and parent perspectives on healthier side dishes and beverages in restaurant kids’ meals: results from a national survey in the United States (2018) · cites this paper as [2]
Dining outside of the home is associated with increased consumption of SSBs.
“Dining outside of the home is associated with an increased consumption of SSBs (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
From Assessing restaurant staff perceptions of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States children's healthy default beverage ordinance: A qualitative study one year post-implementation (2025) · cites this paper as Powell and Nguyen, 2013
Restaurant food and fast-food are common in children's diets, contributing approximately 84-191 kcal and 160-404 kcal to the mean daily intakes of children and adolescents, respectively, who reported being consumers.
“This is of concern because restaurant food and fast-food are common in children's diets, contributing approximately 84–191 kcal and 160–404 kcal to the mean daily intakes of children and adolescents, respectively, who reported being consumers [4].”
From Comparison of the nutrient content of children’s menu items at US restaurant chains, 2010–2014 (2015) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Abstract understates adolescents' added fat intake
MajorThe abstract reports a 7-8 g increase in total fat from fast food for both age groups, but the results report a 14 g increase for adolescents.
“Fast-food consumption increased intakes of total fat (+7–8g), saturated fat (+2–5g) and sugar (+6–16g) for both age groups”
“Fast-food and full-service restaurant consumption similarly increased total fat (+14 g)”
Children's sodium increase uses the wrong reported unit
MinorThe results give a sodium increase in grams, although the paper defines sodium intake as measured in milligrams.
“sodium (134g)”
“milligrams of sodium”
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Trends in Energy Intake among US Children by Eating Location and Food Source, 1977-2006
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ResultThe impact of restaurant consumption among US adults: effects on energy and nutrient intakes
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“and beverages should apply to both full-service and fastfood restaurants((13)).”
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“Further, recent evidence finds that there is a greater adverse effect on diet quality from fast-food consumption among low- versus high-income children and adolescents and among black versus white adolescents (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
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“Children consuming fast foods were found to have higher intakes of energy, total fat, SFA and sugar than those who did not((131,132)).”
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“Typically, FAFH have been equated with foods obtained from or consumed in restaurants, including both fast food and full-service restaurants [7].”
BackgroundThe Response of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Obesity Epidemic
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Parental Perceptions and Childhood Dietary Quality
Adamo, K. B., & Brett, K. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1326-6 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Reduction Policies: Progress and Promise
Krieger, J. W., Bleich, S. N., Scarmo, S., & Ng, S. W. (2020) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-103005 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Nutritional composition of takeaway food in the UK
Jaworowska, A., Blackham, T., Long, R., Taylor, C. A., Ashton, M., Stevenson, L., & Davies, I. G. (2014) · Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.1108/nfs-08-2013-0093 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The diets of children: Overview of available data for children and adolescents
Kupka, R., Siekmans, K., & Beal, T. (2020) · Global Food Security · doi:10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100442 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Goffe, L., Rushton, S. P., White, M. J., Adamson, A., & Adams, J. M. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0589-5 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Comparable modelling studies that explored the association between fast-food consumption and diet quality in the US [29, 30, 32] also found significant positive associations between frequency of fast-food consumption and energy intake.”
BackgroundLittlewood, J. A., Lourenço, S., Iversen, C. L., & Hansen, G. (2015) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003468 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“The present review also included studies conducted in table-service restaurants, given their increasing contribution to total energy intake((74,75)) and that their meals are high in energy, even compared with fast food((76,77)).”
BackgroundDiet quality of US adolescents during the transition to adulthood: changes and predictors ,
Lipsky, L. M., Nansel, T. R., Haynie, D. L., Liu, D., Li, K., PRATT, C. A., Iannotti, R. J., Dempster, K. W., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.150029 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Findings largely confirm those from previous studies showing associations of aspects of better diet quality with more frequent breakfast (8, 18) and family meals (40) and with less frequent television viewing during meals (41, 42), eating at fast-food restaurants (17, 43), and overall television viewing (11, 42, 44, 4…”
ResultAnzman-Frasca, S., Mueller, M. P., Sliwa, S., Dolan, P. R., Harelick, L., Roberts, S. B., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. D. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21061 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“Restaurant meals tend to be higher in calories and lower in nutritional quality than foods prepared at home (4-7), with many children’s menus disproportionately featuring”
BackgroundFluid intake from beverages across age groups: a systematic review
Özen, A. E., Bibiloni, M. D. M., Pons, A., & Tur, J. A. (2014) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.12250 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Calorie labeling, Fast food purchasing and restaurant visits
Elbel, B. D., Mijanovich, T., Dixon, L. B., Abrams, C. B., Weitzman, B. C., Kersh, R., Auchincloss, A. H., & Ogedegbe, G. G. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20550 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Related, while research indicates that the proportion of meals purchased away from home has dramatically increased in recent years, there is little recent information on the prevalence of eating out at fast food chain restaurants, per se (11,12).”
BackgroundLipsky, L. M., Haynie, D. L., Liu, D., Chaurasia, A. K., Gee, B. T., Li, K., Iannotti, R. J., & Simons‐Morton, B. G. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0298-x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Similar associations have been observed of diet quality with TV meals [39, 40], breakfast [41, 42], fast food [43, 44] and family meals [12, 37] .”
BackgroundUsing Healthy Defaults in Walt Disney World Restaurants to Improve Nutritional Choices
Peters, J., Beck, J., Lande, J., Pan, Z., Cardel, M., Ayoob, K., & Hill, J. O. (2016) · Journal of the Association for Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/684364 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Медицина (2011) · Betascript Publishing eBooks · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Liu, J., Rehm, C. D., Micha, R., & Mozaffarian, D. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxz299 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Two prior reports (11, 13) using NHANES 2003– 2010 identified disparities by race/ethnicity, education, and income in restaurant consumption of daily energy and certain individual nutrients.”
BackgroundZiauddeen, N., Page, P., Penney, T. L., Nicholson, S. K., Kirk, S., & Almiron‐Roig, E. (2018) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqy057 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The consumption of SSBs in these settings, together with fast food, is associated with net increases in daily energy intake (of≤310 kcal in children aged 12–19 y) (4).”
BackgroundCaloric Intake From Fast Food Among Children and Adolescents in the United States, 2011-2012.
Vikraman, S., Fryar, C. D., & Ogden, C. L. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Lucan, S. C., & DiNicolantonio, J. J. (2014) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980014002559 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Dalton, M. A., Longacre, M. R., Drake, K. M., Cleveland, L. P., Harris, J. L., Hendricks, K. M., & Titus, L. J. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017000520 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Children’s consumption of FF is associated with increased intakes of total energy, fat and sugar, making FF consumption an important risk factor for obesity((3,10,11)).”
Boylan, S. M., Hardy, L. L., Drayton, B., Grunseit, A. C., & Mihrshahi, S. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4207-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Frequent consumption of fast food is also of concern as these foods are typically high in kilojoules, fat, saturated fat, sugar, and salt and regular fast food consumption is associated with higher caloric intake, and poorer diet quality, characterised by a diet higher in fat, carbohydrate, and sugar [43].”
BackgroundMultilevel Interventions Targeting Obesity: Research Recommendations for Vulnerable Populations
Stevens, J., PRATT, C. A., Boyington, J., Nelson, C. R., Truesdale, K. P., Ward, D. S., Lytle, L. A., Sherwood, N. E., Robinson, T. N., Moore, S. M., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Diet quality and physical activity in relation to childhood obesity
An, R. (2017) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2015-0045 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Appelhans, B. M., Waring, M. E., Schneider, K. L., & Pagoto, S. (2014) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2014.01.008 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“This is problematic because intake of away-from-home meals is associated with greater overall intake of energy, total fat, saturated fat, and sugar in children and adolescents, with the strongest associations observed in those from lower-income households (Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundShier, V., Nicosia, N., & Datar, A. (2016) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.03.043 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…and restaurant meals and child dietary behaviors and BMI Consistent with the existing literature (Bauer, et al., 2009; Bowman, et al., 2004; Lisa M Powell & Nguyen, 2013), we also found evidence of significant relationships between fast food and restaurant consumption and children’s diet…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA review of nutrition labeling and food choice in the United States
Dumoitier, A., Abbo, V., Neuhofer, Z. T., & McFadden, B. R. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.374 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Drewnowski, A., & Rehm, C. D. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5061840 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“For those reasons, many efforts to reduce the amount of sodium in the American diet have primarily focused on foods purchased and consumed away from home, particularly in restaurants [11,21].”
BackgroundReceptivity to Television Fast-Food Restaurant Marketing and Obesity Among U.S. Youth
McClure, A. C., Tanski, S. E., Gilbert‐Diamond, D., Adachi‐Mejia, A. M., Li, Z., Li, Z., & Sargent, J. D. (2013) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.011 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Public perceptions of cooking and the implications for cooking behaviour in the USA
Wolfson, J. A., Smith, K. C., Frattaroli, S., & Bleich, S. N. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980015003778 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fast-Food Consumption, Dietary Quality, and Dietary Intake of Adolescents in Saudi Arabia
Mumena, W. A., Ateek, A. A., Alamri, R. K., Alobaid, S. A., Alshallali, S. H., Afifi, S. Y., Aljohani, G. A., & Kutbi, H. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215083 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Schneider, E. P., McGovern, E. E., Lynch, C., & Brown, L. S. (2013) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2013.07.002 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Father Involvement in Feeding Interactions with Their Young Children
Guerrero, A. D., Chu, L., Franke, T. M., & Kuo, A. A. (2016) · American Journal of Health Behavior · doi:10.5993/ajhb.40.2.7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Beyond Supermarkets: Food Outlet Location Selection in Four U.S. Cities Over Time
Rummo, P. E., Guilkey, D. K., Ng, S. W., Popkin, B. M., Evenson, K. R., & Gordon‐Larsen, P. (2016) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.08.042 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Mazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2017) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.116.151407 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Portion sizes in both FFRs and FSRs have similarly increased over time (15), as has the proportion of income spent on eating out of the home (16, 17).”
BackgroundTrends in Nutrient Content of Children’s Menu Items in U.S. Chain Restaurants
Moran, A. J., Block, J. P., Goshev, S., Bleich, S. N., & Roberto, C. A. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2016.11.007 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Among children, greater consumption of restaurant food is associated with higher intake of calories from added sugar and solid fats, as well as poorer diet quality.(3,4) National data indicate that 35% of added sugars and solid fats consumed by children aged 42 years come from fast-food restaurants.”
Secular Trends in Meal and Snack Patterns among Adolescents from 1999 to 2010
Larson, N., Story, M. T., Eisenberg, M. E., & Neumark‐Sztainer, D. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.09.013 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Altman, M., Holland, J. C., Lundeen, D., Kolko, R. P., Stein, R. I., Saelens, B. E., Welch, R. R., Perri, M. G., Schechtman, K. B., Epstein, L. H., et al. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.03.009 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Anzman-Frasca, S., Dawes, F., Sliwa, S., Dolan, P. R., Nelson, M. E., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. D. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-11-81 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Restaurant-prepared foods tend to be higher in energy and fat and lower in nutritional quality compared to foods prepared at home [3], and accordingly, consumption of foods from QSR and FSR has been associated with higher energy intake and lower diet quality in nationally representative samples of children [4].”
BackgroundCutumisu, N., Traoré, I., Paquette, M.-C., Cazale, L., Camirand, H., Lalonde, B., & Robitaille, É. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s136898001600286x · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Therefore, Canadian children not only have more access to food in general, but they also increasingly tend to eat out, which is associated with greater energy intake((11)) and with larger portion sizes((12)).”
Lundeen, E. A., Park, S., Onufrak, S. J., Cunningham, S. A., & Blanck, H. M. (2018) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117118763008 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Robson, S. M., Stough, C. C. O., & Stark, L. J. (2016) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2016.01.021 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Wickham, C., & Carbone, E. T. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Household food insecurity and breakfast skipping: Their association with depressive symptoms
Lee, Y. S., & Kim, T. H. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.11.031 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Sociodemographic Disparities in Proximity of Schools to Tobacco Outlets and Fast-Food Restaurants
D’Angelo, H., Ammerman, A. S., Gordon‐Larsen, P., Linnan, L. A., Lytle, L. A., & Ribisl, K. M. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303259 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Anzman‐Frasca, S., Folta, S. C., Glenn, M. E., Jones-Mueller, A., Lynskey, V. M., Patel, A. A., Tse, L. L., & Lopez, N. V. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2016.11.009 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Eating dinner away from home: Perspectives of middle-to high-income parents
Robson, S. M., Crosby, L. E., & Stark, L. J. (2015) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2015.09.019 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Foods consumed away from home may not only contribute excess caloric intake, but perpetuate comorbid chronic health conditions such as obesity (Nago, Lachat, Dossa, & Kolsteren, 2014; Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
InfluentialChild-Directed Marketing Inside and on the Exterior of Fast Food Restaurants
Ohri‐Vachaspati, P., Isgor, Z., Rimkus, L., Powell, L. M., Barker, D. C., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2014) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2014.08.011 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationSaunders, P., Saunders, A., & Middleton, J. (2015) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114515001063 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Chicken tikka masala/ pilau rice (meal) 60((32)) 23·2((32)) 5·5((32)) 61((13)) 26·4((13)) 6·3((13)) Sweet/sour chicken/ fried rice (meal) 70((32)) 20((32)) 6((32)) 55((13)) 26·4((13)) 6·3((13)) 13((32)) 24((46)) Generic meals 67((46)) 6·4((28)) 4·7–8·07((45)) 71 (children) and 76 (adults)((47)) 26 (children) and 26 (a…”
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Dietary Intake among California Children
Guerrero, A. D., & Chung, P. J. (2015) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.08.019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Dietary quality differs by consumption of meals prepared at home vs. outside in Korean adults
Lee, K. W., Song, W. O., & Cho, M. S. (2016) · Nutrition Research and Practice · doi:10.4162/nrp.2016.10.3.294 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Many studies have examined the relationship between eating out and nutritional quality according to these lifestyle changes [6-8].”
BackgroundEmond, J. A., Longacre, M. R., Drake, K. M., Titus, L. J., Hendricks, K. M., MacKenzie, T. A., Harris, J. L., Carroll, J. E., Cleveland, L. P., Gaynor, K., et al. (2019) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.012 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Powell, L. M., Wada, R., Khan, T., & Emery, S. (2017) · Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d économique · doi:10.1111/caje.12261 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Indeed, fast-food and SSB consumption are complements, and previous research using individual-level FE models found that fast-food consumption among adolescents is significantly related to higher SSB consumption (Powell and Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRehm, C. D., & Drewnowski, A. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8120804 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“This descriptive study extends and complements upon prior studies of children’s food consumption away from home, including foods from fast food and full‐service restaurants [6].”
ResultMcClain, A. C., Ayala, G. X., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., Siega‐Riz, A. M., Kaplan, R. C., Gellman, M. D., Gallo, L. C., Horn, L. V., Daviglus, M. L., Perera, M. J., et al. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/nxx067 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Most previous studies examining the relation between AFHFs and diet and overweight or obesity in Hispanics/Latinos were in children and adolescents (16, 17).”
BackgroundMazidi, M., & Speakman, J. R. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007651 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Behavioral Correlates of Empirically-Derived Dietary Patterns among University Students
Mueller, M. P., Blondin, S. A., Korn, A. R., Bakun, P. J., Tucker, K. L., & Economos, C. D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060716 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Frequently eating out at restaurants has been associated with overall diets that are higher in total energy, saturated fat, and added sugars and lower in quality in both children and adults [63,64].”
BackgroundParenting practices toward food and children's behavior: Eating away from home versus at home
Kasparian, M. M., Mann, G. R., Serrano, E. L., & Farris, A. R. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.03.045 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…been linked with higher consumption of energy, sugar-sweetened beverages, fat, sugar, sodium and protein, and higher weight status among children (Bowman, Gortmaker, Ebbeling, Pereira, & Ludwig, 2004; Larson, Neumark-Sztainer, Laska, & Story, 2011; Powell & Nguyen, 2013; Sonneville et al., 2005).”
Sliwa, S., Anzman-Frasca, S., Lynskey, V., Washburn, K., & Economos, C. (2016) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2016.01.004 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nazzaro, C., Lerro, M., & Marotta, G. (2018) · Agricultural and Food Economics · doi:10.1186/s40100-018-0119-z · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“related to a poor diet quality and a greater energy intake (Nago et al. 2014; Powell and Nguyen 2013).”
BackgroundFactors Related to the Number of Fast Food Meals Obtained by College Meal Plan Students
Dingman, D. A., Schulz, M. R., Wyrick, D. L., Bibeau, D. L., & Gupta, S. (2014) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.945456 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“sugar compared with days that they did not eat fast food meals.(14) Gerend(6) found that both male and female college”
BackgroundAnzman‐Frasca, S., Braun, A. C., Ehrenberg, S., Epstein, L. H., Gampp, A., Leone, L. A., Singh, A. P., & Tauriello, S. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.022 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Liu, Y., Desmond, N. E., Wright, B. N., Bailey, R. L., Dong, T., Craig, B. Α., & Eicher‐Miller, H. A. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520003372 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Child care choices, food intake, and children's obesity status in the United States
Mandal, B., & Powell, L. M. (2014) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2014.04.001 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Self-citationDisparities in food access around homes and schools for New York City children
Elbel, B. D., Tamura, K., McDermott, Z. T., Duncan, D. T., Athens, J. K., Wu, E., Mijanovich, T., & Schwartz, A. E. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0217341 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“We consider fast food restaurants to be less healthy as they often offer calorie dense food, and wait-service restaurants more so as there are relatively a wider range of options[33].”
BackgroundFast food in the diet: Implications and solutions for families
Fulkerson, J. A. (2018) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.04.005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Gustafson, A., Pitts, S. J., McQuerry, K., Babtunde, O., & Mullins, J. T. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11030593 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Research has found that adolescents who frequent fast-food restaurants consume more added sugars and more calories from sugar-sweetened beverages [5], while those who frequently shop at gas stations and convenience stores consume more energy and servings of sweets and snack items [6].”
BackgroundAssociation of a Sweetened Beverage Tax With Soda Consumption in High School Students
Edmondson, E. K., Roberto, C. A., Gregory, E. F., Mitra, N., & Virudachalam, S. (2021) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.3991 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Kraak, V. I., Englund, T. R., Misyak, S. A., & Serrano, E. L. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14070760 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“) is a significant driver of poor diet quality, obesity and diet-related non-communicable diseases (NCDs) [3,4].”
BackgroundRahamat, S., Jeong, E., Arendt, S. W., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.105967 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Food Away from Home and Childhood Obesity
Mancino, L., Todd, J. E., Guthrie, J., & Lin, B. (2014) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-014-0121-z · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Prepared Food Availability in U.S. Food Stores
Zenk, S. N., Powell, L. M., Isgor, Z., Rimkus, L., Barker, D. C., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2015) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.025 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationAyala, G. X., Castro, I. A., Pickrel, J. L., Williams, C. B., Lin, S., Madanat, H. N., Jun, H., & ZIVE, M. M. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-2892-5 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“SEF acknowledges the importance of organizational and structural models to inform intervention efforts to improve access to, and availability and promotion of, healthy foods and beverages [8, 39].”
BackgroundOhri‐Vachaspati, P., Acciai, F., Lloyd, K., Tulloch, D. L., DeWeese, R. S., DeLia, D., Todd, M. W., & Yedidia, M. J. (2020) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2020.10.016 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Elbel, B. D., Tamura, K., McDermott, Z. T., Wu, E., & Schwartz, A. E. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22663 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The New school food standards and nutrition of school children: Direct and Indirect Effect Analysis
Valizadeh, P., & Ng, S. W. (2020) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2020.100918 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Durão, C., Severo, M., Oliveira, A., Moreira, P. A. M., Guerra, A., Barros, H., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2014) · European Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1007/s00394-014-0762-4 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Energy and Nutrient Intake From Pizza in the United States
Powell, L. M., Nguyen, B. T., & Dietz, W. H. (2015) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-1844 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationMoran, A. J., Ramirez, M., & Block, J. P. (2017) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.028 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“In the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, consumption of restaurant foods is associated with significantly higher average daily sodium intake among adolescents and adults (An, 2016, Nguyen & Powell, 2014, Powell & Nguyen, 2013).”
BackgroundHome Cooking and Child Obesity in Japan: Results from the A-CHILD Study
Tani, Y., Fujiwara, T., Doi, S. K., & Isumi, A. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122859 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Trajectories of Eating Behaviour Changes during Adolescence
Doggui, R., Ward, S. A., Johnson, C., & Bélanger, M. F. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13041313 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Fast food consumption has also been shown to be associated with a greater intake of sugary beverages [10].”
BackgroundOverweight and obesity in childhood: Dietary, biochemical, inflammatory and lifestyle risk factors
Albataineh, S. R., Badran, E., & Tayyem, R. (2019) · Obesity Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.obmed.2019.100112 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Shonkoff, E. T., Anzman-Frasca, S., Lynskey, V. M., Chan, G., Glenn, M. E., & Economos, C. D. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4610-3 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Background Children frequently consume foods from restaurants; considering the quick-service sector alone, 1/3 of children eat food from these restaurants on a given day [1, 2], and among these consumers, 1/3 of their daily calories come from fast food [3].”
BackgroundLoureiro, M. L., & Rahmani, D. (2016) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2016.03.001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Fast food intake and excess weight gain over a 1‐year period among preschool‐age children
Emond, J. A., Longacre, M. R., Titus, L. J., Hendricks, K. M., Drake, K. M., Carroll, J. E., Cleveland, L. P., & Dalton, M. A. (2020) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12602 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Fast food is typically energy-dense and nutritionally poor, and serving sizes often exceed recommended meal and snack caloric limits.(15,31,32) Fast food intake has been prospectively associated with excess weight gain among adults.”
BackgroundAlbalawi, A. A., Hambly, C., & Speakman, J. R. (2022) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqac078 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Powell, L. M., & Nguyen, B. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Venue
- JAMA Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2013-01-01
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 14
- ISSN
- 1072-4710 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-6203
- PMC
- PMC3695401
- OpenAlex
- W2146353506
- Cited by
- 346
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 10
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- U.S. Public Health Service (11IPA1102973)
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA138456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- fast food consumption, children, adolescents, energy intake, diet quality, sugar-sweetened beverages, sodium intake, saturated fat intake, sugar consumption, protein intake, low-income children, eating out
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Beverages, Energy Intake, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Diet Surveys, Dietary Fats, Dietary Proteins, Female, Humans, Male, Poverty, Regression Analysis, Restaurants, Sodium, Dietary, United States, Models, Statistical, Multivariate Analysis, Dietary Sucrose, Young Adult, Fast Foods
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-30.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-30.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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