Negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities and ethnic bullying and discrimination: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
According to the socio-ecological model, the social environment contributes to the acquisition and maintenance of negative attitudes towards ethnic minority groups. However, the strength of the association between negative attitudes at different levels (i.e. individual, peers) and ethnic bullying and discrimination has not yet been assessed. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. After duplicate screening, inclusion criteria and quality assessment, 10 studies (predominantly European, cross-sectional and involving secondary school students) were identified for descriptive analysis (i.e. systematic review) and 9 (22 assessments) were included in the meta-analysis. The results showed a positive average effect of attitudes towards ethnic minorities and ethnic bullying (d = .41, p < .001). Furthermore, the moderation analysis revealed a non-significant difference between the two levels of negative attitudes towards ethnic minorities (i.e. individual, peers) and ethnic bullying/discrimination (d = - .07, p = .09).
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
R Core Team (2000) · doi:10.32614/r.manuals · Cited by 355,706 · see citing works
Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097 · Cited by 64,042 · see citing works
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674028845 · Cited by 26,084 · see citing works
A theory of social comparison processes
Festinger, L. (1954) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872675400700202 · Cited by 20,926 · see citing works
Conducting Meta-Analyses in <i>R</i> with the <b>metafor</b> Package
Viechtbauer, W. (2010) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v036.i03 · Cited by 20,464 · see citing works
(1954) · Cited by 15,935 · see citing works
The Social psychology of intergroup relations
Austin, W. G., & Worchel, S. (1979) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,577 · see citing works
Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works
Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Devine, P. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.1.5 · Cited by 5,673 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Indeed, unfavourable prejudices against ethnic ‘others’ are pervasive and develop early in life through socialization processes (Devine, 1989).”
The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553 · see citing works
Standard Quality Assessment Criteria for Evaluating Primary Research Papers from a Variety of Fields
Kmet, L. M., Cook, L. S., & Lee, R. C. (2004) · University of Alberta Library · doi:10.7939/r37m04f16 · Cited by 1,682 · see citing works
Cognitive, Affective and Behavioral Components of Attitudes
Rosenberg, M. J. (1960) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Perkins, H. W., & Berkowitz, A. D. (1986) · International Journal of the Addictions · doi:10.3109/10826088609077249 · Cited by 1,017 · see citing works
Scheepers, P. L. H. (2002) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/18.1.17 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
Peer relationships in child development
Verduyn, C. (1990) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(90)90039-7 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Developmental Intergroup Theory
Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (2007) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00496.x · Cited by 796 · see citing works
Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
(2009) · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Glossary of terms relating to ethnicity and race: for reflection and debate
Bhopal, R. (2004) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.2003.013466 · Cited by 605 · see citing works
Attitude Organization and Change. An Analysis of Consistency among Attitude Components
de Montlibert, C., Pagès, R., Rosenberg, M. J., Hovland, C. I., McGuire, W. J., Abelson, R. P., Brehm, J. W., & Pages, R. (1961) · Revue Française de Sociologie · doi:10.2307/3319768 · Cited by 509 · see citing works
Behind the numbers: ending school violence and bullying
UNESCO (2019) · UNESCO eBooks · doi:10.54675/trvr4270 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Killen, M., & Rutland, A. (2011) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781444396317 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Racial and ethnic differences in bullying: Review and implications for intervention
Xu, M., Macrynikola, N., Waseem, M., & Miranda, R. (2019) · Aggression and Violent Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.avb.2019.101340 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Parental and peer influences on children's racial attitudes
Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A. (1996) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/0147-1767(96)00024-7 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Social identity processes and children’s ethnic prejudice
Nesdale, D. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203391099_chapter_8 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Mok, A., Morris, M. W., Benet‐Martínez, V., & Karakitapoğlu‐Aygün, Z. (2007) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022107305243 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Empathy, group norms and children's ethnic attitudes
Nesdale, D., Griffith, J., Durkin, K., & Maass, A. (2005) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2005.08.003 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Like parent, like child? Development of prejudice and tolerance towards immigrants
Miklikowska, M. (2015) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12124 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gender differences in implicit prejudice
Ekehammar, B., Akrami, N., & Araya, T. (2003) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(02)00132-0 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
McKenney, K. S., Pepler, D. J., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2017) · Electronic Journal of Research in Educational Psychology · doi:10.25115/ejrep.v4i9.1189 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The selection of friends: Changes across the grades and in different school environments.
Epstein, J. L. (1989) · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Multiculturalism in the classroom: Ethnic attitudes and classmates’ beliefs
Thijs, J. T., & Verkuyten, M. (2012) · International Journal of Intercultural Relations · doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2012.04.012 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Özdemir, S. B., Sun, S., Korol, L. D., Özdemir, M., & Stattin, H. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-017-0795-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Miklikowska, M., Bohman, A., & Titzmann, P. F. (2019) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000809 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Risk Factors for Ethnic Prejudice During Early Adolescence
Kiesner, J., Maass, A., Cadinu, M., & Vallese, I. (2003) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00234 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
What Makes Youth Harass Their Immigrant Peers? Understanding the Risk Factors
Özdemir, S. B., Özdemir, M., & Stattin, H. (2015) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431615574887 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Palladino, B. E., Nappa, M. R., Zambuto, V., & Menesini, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00499 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Zagrean, I., Barni, D., Russo, C., & Danioni, F. (2022) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci11060236 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Developmental aspects of social identity
Sani, F., & Bennett, M. (2010) · Taylor & Francis eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203391099_chapter_3 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Differences and Similarities between Perpetrators of Ethnic and Non-Ethnicity-Based Victimization
Özdemir, S. B., Giles, C. J., & Özdemir, M. (2020) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-020-01271-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Shared reality through social tuning of implicit prejudice
Skorinko, J. L. M., & Sinclair, S. A. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.02.011 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Iannello, N. M., Camodeca, M., Gelati, C., & Papotti, N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.713081 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
An Ecological Approach to Understanding Immigrant Child and Adolescent Developmental Competencies
Marks, A. K., Godoy, C., & Coll, C. G. (2013) · Societal Contexts of Child Development · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199943913.003.0005 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Pehar, L., Biruški, D. Č., & Ivanec, T. P. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0227512 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Fandrem, H., Strohmeier, D., Caravita, S. C. S., & Stefanek, E. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781118482650.ch20 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Gniewosz, B., Noack, P., Wentura, D., & Funke, F. (2008) · Social Science Open Access Repository (GESIS – Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences) · doi:10.3224/diskurs.v3i3.175 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Explaining the Link Between Race and Violence With General Strain Theory
Hoskin, A. W. (2011) · Journal of Ethnicity in Criminal Justice · doi:10.1080/15377938.2011.535471 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Kuldas, S., Dupont, M., & Foody, M. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781118482650.ch14 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The subtle–blatant distinction of ethnic prejudice among ethnic majority chidren
Sarafidou, J., Govaris, C., & Loumakou, M. (2013) · Intercultural Education · doi:10.1080/14675986.2013.799805 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
ŠTO ODREĐUJE MEĐUETNIČKE STAVOVE ADOLESCENATA U PODIJELJENOJ ZAJEDNICI?
Filozofski fakultet, Z., Biruški, D. Č., & Ajduković, D. (2012) · Drustvena istrazivanja · doi:10.5559/di.21.4.05 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Prejudice against Gypsies among Spanish adolescents
Sotelo, M. J. (2002) · Patterns of Prejudice · doi:10.1080/003132202128811420 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Bullismo etnico: chi sono coloro che aggrediscono compagni con background migratorio?
Papotti, N., & Caravita, S. C. S. (2020) · RICERCHE DI PSICOLOGIA · doi:10.3280/rip2020-001015 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Elamé, E. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-88-470-5235-2_2 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Caravita, S. C. S., Stefanelli, S., Mazzone, A., Cadei, L., Thornberg, R., & Ambrosini, B. (2019) · Dublin City University Open Access Institutional Repository (Dublin City University) · doi:10.1111/sjop.12565
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 56 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Durán-Guerrero, E., Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Sánchez-Jiménez, V. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15070969 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Both countries also have a long tradition of research into interpersonal violence during childhood and adolescence (Taiti et al., 2024; Cabrera-Vázquez et al., 2025), and studies on online sexual harassment have multiplied recently (e.g., Crapolicchio et al., 2022; Cricenti et al., 2022;…”
Taiti, M. C., Palladino, B. E., Stefanelli, F., Özdemir, S. B., & Menesini, E. (2024) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12437 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Durán-Guerrero, E., Sánchez, V., & Tramontano, C. (2025) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-025-01628-9 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Odnos med posameznimi oblikami nasilja
Peras, I. (2025) · doi:10.18690/um.ff.2.2025.4
- Authors
- Taiti, M. C., Palladino, B. E., Lo Cricchio, M. G., Tassi, F., & Menesini, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Florence (IT)
- Department of Humanities (DiSU), University of Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Taiti, Maria Chiara
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Developmental Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2024-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 795-813
- ISSN
- 1740-5610 (ISSN-L)
- 1740-5629
- OpenAlex
- W4400186463
- Cited by
- 4
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 0.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.tandfonline.com
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- European Journal of Developmental Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Basilicata) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Education (n.20173E3Z7W _003)
- Prejudicial bullying involving ethnic groups: Understanding mechanisms and translating knowledge into effective interventions (period: 19.08.2019 to 19.08.2023)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Keywords
- ethnic discrimination, socio-ecological model, peer attitudes, personal attitudes, high school students
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
