Reliability and applicability of a low-cost, camera-based gait evaluation method for clinical use
Abstract
BACKGROUND: There is the need for the development of reliable and easy to use in clinical setting gait assessment tools. An open-access video analysis software that administers the calculation of kinematical and spatio-temporal characteristics of human movement is Kinovea® however, its repeatability as a gait analysis tool has not been well addressed. The purpose of the study was to examine the applicability and reliability of an objective, quantitative, low-cost and easy to use in the clinical setting, gait evaluation method, using Kinovea® software. METHODS: Data collected from 44 healthy subjects recording gait in sagittal and frontal plane using two smartphones. Time consumption of the procedure was captured. Kinovea® software was used to calculate kinematical and spatial parameters. RESULTS: Intra- and inter-rater reliability of the video processing as well as intra-rater reliability of the measurement procedure represented good to excellent and there were less random measurement errors. There was no measurement error due to random variation for the most of the calculated parameters, except of the pelvis position. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that excepting low accuracy in calculation of pelvis position, gait evaluation using Kinovea® software is objective, quantitative, low-cost, reliable and easy to use in the clinical setting.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The validity and reliability of the Kinovea software was previously studied.
“The validity and reliability of the Kinovea software was previously studied (34–36).”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [36]
Cites
A guideline of selecting and reporting intraclass correlation coefficients for reliability research
Koo, T. K., & Li, M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2016.02.012 · Cited by 29,639 · see citing works
Brockett, C., & Chapman, G. J. (2016) · Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.mporth.2016.04.015 · Cited by 597 · see citing works
Puig-Diví, A., Escalona-Marfil, C., Padullés-Riu, J. M., Busquets, A., Padullés-Chando, X., & Marcos-Ruiz, D. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216448 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
Reliability and minimal detectible change values for gait kinematics and kinetics in healthy adults
Wilken, J. M., Rodriguez, K. M., Brawner, M., & Darter, B. J. (2011) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.09.105 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Balsalobre‐Fernández, C., Tejero‐González, C. M., del Campo-Vecino, J., & Bavaresco, N. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318299a52e · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Carse, B., Meadows, B. C., Bowers, R. J., & Rowe, P. J. (2013) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2013.03.001 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Fernández-González, P., Koutsou, A., Cuesta-Gómez, A., Carratalá-Tejada, M., Miangolarra-Page, J. C., & Molina-Rueda, F. (2020) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s20113154 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
Tetreault, L. A., Kopjar, B., Côté, P., Arnold, P. M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2015) · Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery · doi:10.2106/jbjs.o.00189 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Biomechanical analysis using Kinovea for sports application
Nor Adnan, N. M., Ab Patar, M. N. A., Lee, H., Yamamoto, S.-I., Jong-Young, L., & Mahmud, J. (2018) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/342/1/012097 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Frimenko, R. E., Goodyear, C. D., & Bruening, D. A. (2015) · Physiotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.physio.2015.01.003 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The evaluation of an inexpensive, 2D, video based gait assessment system for clinical use
Ugbolue, U. C., Papi, E., Kaliarntas, K., Kerr, A., Earl, L., Pomeroy, V. M., & Rowe, P. J. (2013) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.01.018 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Daly, J. J., Nethery, J., McCabe, J. P., Brenner, I., Rogers, J., Gansen, J., Butler, K., Burdsall, R., Roenigk, K., & Holcomb, J. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2008.12.016 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Observational gait analysis in traumatic brain injury: Accuracy of clinical judgment
Williams, G. P., Morris, M. E., Schache, A. G., & McCrory, P. R. (2008) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2008.11.005 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Comparison of 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional rearfoot motion during walking
Cornwall, M., & McPoil, T. G. (1995) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0268-0033(95)90435-c · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Development and validation of a low-cost, portable and wireless gait assessment tool
MacLeod, C. A., Conway, B. A., Allan, D., & Galen, S. S. (2013) · Medical Engineering & Physics · doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2013.11.011 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
RIVCAM: a simple video-based kinematic analysis for clinical disorders of gait
Churchill, A., Halligan, P. W., & Wade, D. T. (2002) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/s0169-2607(01)00191-2 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Damsted, C., Larsen, L. H., & Nielsen, R. O. (2015) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.01.029 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Reliability of Using Kinovea Program in Measuring Dominant Wrist Joint Range of Motion
Ali, M., El-Raheem, R. M. A., & Kamel, R. M. (2015) · Trends in Applied Sciences Research · doi:10.3923/tasr.2015.224.230 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Development and Assessment of a Low-Cost Clinical Gait Analysis System
Littrell, M. E., Chang, Y., & Selgrade, B. P. (2018) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2017-0370 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Siasios, I., Spanos, S. L., Kanellopoulos, A., Fotiadou, A., Pollina, J., Schneider, D., Becker, A. B., Dimopoulos, V. G., & Fountas, K. N. (2017) · World Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.01.122 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
A Bidimensional System of Facial Movement Analysis Conception and Reliability in Adults
Baude, M., Hutin, É., & Graciès, J. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/812961 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Park, C.-S. (2018) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.30.835 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Reid, S., Held, J. M., & Lawrence, S. M. (2011) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2011.02.014 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Guzik, A., Drużbicki, M., Przysada, G., Brzozowska-Magoń, A., Wolan-Nieroda, A., & Kwołek, A. (2018) · Gait & Posture · doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.03.009 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Walter (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0258(19980115)17:1
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Su, D., Hu, Z., Wu, J., Shang, P., & Luo, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurorobotics · doi:10.3389/fnbot.2023.1186175 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Clinical reliability and validity of a video-based markerless gait evaluation method
Lin, J., Wang, Y., Sha, J., Li, Y., Fan, Z., 严亚波, & Wei, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2023.1331176 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters
Giustino, V., Vicari, D. S. S., Figlioli, F., Gervasi, M., Fernández Peña, E., Schifaudo, N., Tedesco, M., Drid, P., Paoli, A., Battaglia, G., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1454309 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zarei, H., Norasteh, A. A., Lieberman, L. J., Ertel, M. W., & Brian, A. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-49335-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Anestherita, F., Hasbiandra, R. A., Kusumaningsih, W., Lakmudin, A., & Handoko, H. (2024) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.157736.1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Effect of Weight Bearing on Medial Longitudinal Arch of Foot in Healthy Adults
Hussain, S. A., Gardezi, F., Ain, Q. U., Sajid, A., Afzal, R., Hassan, Z., & Khurshid, A. (2024) · Journal of Health and Rehabilitation Research · doi:10.61919/jhrr.v4i1.427 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alaniz-Arcos, J. L., Tejeda-Castellanos, X., Sánchez-Medina, C. M., Márquez-González, H., Ortiz-Cornejo, M. E., Suárez, J. M. B., & Camacho, C. G. (2024) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2024.106261 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Alves, B. C. G., Fantoni, A., Matos, J. P., Costa, J., & Vieira, M. P. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25237148 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Low-Cost Stretchable Sensor: Range of Motion Evaluation with Open-Source Software Validation
Longo, G., Liguori, R., Benedetto, L. D., Licciardo, G. D., & Rubino, A. (2024) · Conference on Ph.D. Research in Microelectronics and Electronics · doi:10.1109/prime61930.2024.10559726 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Huang, S., Chen, Z., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46093-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Miranda-Casasola, F., Ramirez‐Garcia, G., & Fernández-Ruíz, J. (2026) · Biomedical Signal Processing and Control · doi:10.1016/j.bspc.2026.110964 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Analysis of Gait Kinematic Parameters of Chinese Children Based on Human Pose Estimation AlgorithmPreprint
Lin, J., Li, Y., Wang, Y., Sha, J., Xie, K., Fan, Z., Lei, W., & Yan, Y. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4305625/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Liu, Z., Zhang, X., Yan, S., Zhang, C., Chen, D., Zhang, T., Liu, X., Sun, Y., Cui, L., Hou, S., et al. (2025) · Journal of Sport Rehabilitation · doi:10.1123/jsr.2024-0128
Economy benefits of running in advanced footwear technology shoes remain with plantarflexion fatigue
Bidois, B. J., Cumming, C., Giandolini, M., Nguyen, A. P., & Hébert‐Losier, K. (2026) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-026-06190-0
Accessible 2D video-based system for gait kinematic analysis: an inter-rater reliability study
Puig-Diví, A., Costa‐Tutusaus, L., García-Gil, J., Sartori, F., & Picañol, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2026.1815411
- Authors
- Spanos, S., Kanellopoulos, A., Petropoulakos, K., Dimitriadis, Z., Siasios, I., & Poulis, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Thessaly (GR)
- Papageorgiou General Hospital (GR)
- Corresponding author
- Spanos, Savvas
- Venue
- Expert Review of Medical Devices
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2023-01-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-70
- ISSN
- 1743-4440 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-2422
- OpenAlex
- W4317568085
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 1.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Expert Review of Medical Devices (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Gait Recognition and Analysis
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Balance, Gait, and Falls Prevention
- Keywords
- gait analysis, Kinovea, smartphone video analysis, intra-rater reliability, inter-rater reliability, kinematic parameters, spatiotemporal gait parameters, measurement error, clinical gait analysis
- MeSH terms
- Biomechanical Phenomena, Gait, Humans, Movement, Software, Reproducibility of Results, Healthy Volunteers
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review