Reliability of Kinovea® Software and Agreement with a Three-Dimensional Motion System for Gait Analysis in Healthy Subjects
Open accessAbstract
Gait analysis is necessary to diagnose movement disorders. In order to reduce the costs of three-dimensional motion capture systems, new low-cost methods of motion analysis have been developed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-rater reliability of Kinovea® and the agreement with a three-dimensional motion system for detecting the joint angles of the hip, knee and ankle during the initial contact phase of walking. Fifty healthy subjects participated in this study. All participants were examined twice with a one-week interval between the two appointments. The motion data were recorded using the VICON Motion System® and digital video cameras. The intra-rater reliability showed a good correlation for the hip, the knee and the ankle joints (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient, ICC > 0.85) for both observers. The ICC for the inter-rater reliability was >0.90 for the hip, the knee and the ankle joints. The Bland–Altman plots showed that the magnitude of disagreement was approximately ±5° for intra-rater reliability, ±2.5° for inter-rater reliability and around ±2.5° to ±5° for Kinovea® versus Vicon®. The ICC was good for the hip, knee and ankle angles registered with Kinovea® during the initial contact of walking for both observers (intra-rater reliability) and higher for the agreement between observers (inter-rater reliability). However, the Bland–Altman plots showed disagreement between observers, measurements and systems (Kinovea® vs. three-dimensional motion system) that should be considered in the interpretation of clinical evaluations.
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Based on previous Kinovea reliability studies in lower-limb kinematics, with α = 0.05, β = 0.20, a minimum acceptable ICC of 0.70 and an expected ICC of 0.90, 18.4 subjects were required.
“Assuming values for type I and type II errors of α = 0.05 and β = 0.20, respectively, a minimum acceptable ICC of 0.70 and an expected ICC of 0.90, it was estimated that 18.4 subjects were required.”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
The Sample Size Calculation section (2.6) gives a minimum acceptable ICC of 0.6, an expected ICC of 0.8, and a required sample of 43—not 0.70, 0.90, and 18.4. It does not give the claimed α and β values for that calculation. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe validity and reliability of the Kinovea software was previously studied.
“The validity and reliability of the Kinovea software was previously studied (34–36).”
From Kinematic analysis of the back squat at different load intensities in powerlifters and weightlifters (2024) · cites this paper as [34]
Previous literature evaluating sagittal plane kinematics with Kinovea uniformly reports robust reliability coefficients (ICC > 0.80) for hip, knee, and ankle angles, pelvic alignment, lumbar lordosis, and trunk tilt.
“previous literature evaluating sagittal plane kinematics with Kinovea, which uniformly reports robust reliability coefficients (ICC > 0.80) for hip, knee, and ankle angles [32], pelvic alignment [31], lumbar lordosis [46,47], and trunk tilt [48].”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
Previous Kinovea test-retest studies report ICCs > 0.85.
“previous Kinovea test–retest studies reporting ICCs > 0.85 [31,32].”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [32]
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- Authors
- Fernández-González, P., Koutsou, A., Cuesta-Gómez, A., Carratalá-Tejada, M., Miangolarra-Page, J. C., & Molina-Rueda, F.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (ES)
- Motion Analysis, Ergonomics, Biomechanics and Motor Control Laboratory (LAMBECOM), Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28922 Madrid, Spain
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-06-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 3154
- ISSN
- 1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7308968
- OpenAlex
- W3033183326
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 5.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- BURJC Digital (King Juan Carlos University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Reliability and Agreement in Measurement
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Gait Recognition and Analysis
- Keywords
- gait analysis, Kinovea, video-based motion analysis, 3D motion capture, inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability, joint angles, measurement agreement, low-cost motion analysis
- MeSH terms
- Gait Analysis, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Software, Reproducibility of Results, Healthy Volunteers
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