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Some key differences between a happy life and a meaningful life
Open accessAbstract
Being happy and finding life meaningful overlap, but there are important differences. A large survey revealed multiple differing predictors of happiness (controlling for meaning) and meaningfulness (controlling for happiness). Satisfying one’s needs and wants increased happiness but was largely irrelevant to meaningfulness. Happiness was largely present-oriented, whereas meaningfulness involves integrating past, present, and future. For example, thinking about future and past was associated with high meaningfulness but low happiness. Happiness was linked to being a taker rather than a giver, whereas meaningfulness went with being a giver rather than a taker. Higher levels of worry, stress, and anxiety were linked to higher meaningfulness but lower happiness. Concerns with personal identity and expressing the self-contributed to meaning but not happiness. We offer brief composite sketches of the unhappy but meaningful life and of the happy but meaningless life.
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From The Psychology of Rituals: An Integrative Review and Process-Based Framework (2018) · cites this paper as Baumeister, Vohs, Aaker, & Garbinsky, 2013
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BackgroundMeaning of Manual Labor Impedes Consumer Adoption of Autonomous Products
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“…such as serving the greater good, social/community contribution, positive relations with others, and prosocial activities (Bauer et al., 2005; Baumeister et al., 2013; Fowers, 2012; Keyes, 2002; Peterson et al., 2005; Ryan et al., 2008; Ryff, 1989; Seligman, 2002; Steger et al., 2008; Wong,…”
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“As extensively discussed and tested by Baumeister et al. (2013; see also Steger et al. 2006), differences between the constructs include that happiness seems to be largely rooted in biological factors, whereas meaningfulness seems to originate more from cultural factors.”
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InfluentialFuture-oriented function of meaning in life: Promoting hope via future temporal focus
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“The research question for this study is: What are the roles of the personal purpose and goals of high performing leaders in symbiotic relationships with their company’s higher purpose vision?”
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MethodCordero, A. C., Babapour, M., & Karlsson, M. (2019) · Journal of Corporate Real Estate · doi:10.1108/jcre-01-2019-0002 · Cited by 33
Just-World Beliefs Increase Helping Intentions via Meaning and Affect
Igou, E. R., Blake, A. A., & Bless, H. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00317-6 · Cited by 32
Shiba, K., Cowden, R. G., Gonzalez, N., Lee, M. T., Lomas, T., Lai, A. Y., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.824960 · Cited by 30
“For instance, evidence suggests that taking care of children as an expression of the self may improve a sense of meaning but can decrease happiness (32).”
BackgroundJose, A., Rejikumar, G., Ajitha, A. A., Mathew, S., & Chakraborty, U. (2022) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2022.2040294 · Cited by 32
“Meaningfulness is a cognitive and an emotional evaluation of whether an individual ’ s life has purpose and value (Baumeister et al., 2013).”
BackgroundUncovering the Effects of Awe on Meaning in Life
Dai, Y., Jiang, T., & Miao, M. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00559-6 · Cited by 30
“Happiness mainly comes from one’s needs and desires being sufficiently satisfied, whereas MIL comes from the judgment that one’s life has purpose and value (Baumeister et al., 2013).”
BackgroundZarantonello, L., Grappi, S., & Formisano, M. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21925 · Cited by 32
Conceptual model for intensive care nurse work well‐being: A qualitative secondary analysis
Jarden, R., Sandham, M. H., Siegert, R. J., & Koziol‐McLain, J. (2019) · Nursing in Critical Care · doi:10.1111/nicc.12485 · Cited by 30
Citizenship Education for Adults for Sustainable Democratic Societies
Ünal, F., & Kaygın, H. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12010056 · Cited by 32
“Indeed, a study concluded that people who sacrifice their personal pleasures in order to participate constructively in society can contribute significantly to society [73].”
BackgroundSearching for meaning is associated with costly prosociality
Dakin, B. C., Laham, S. M., Tan, N. P., & Bastian, B. B. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0258769 · Cited by 36
“However, compared to meaning, hedonic forms of happiness tend to be more associated with a focus on one’s own needs and level of comfort [26, 33], and are less clearly related to prosociality [2, 33, 54].”
BackgroundHepper, E. G., & Dennis, A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2022.101547 · Cited by 27
Factors Associated with Healthy Aging among Older Persons in Northeastern Thailand
Manasatchakun, P., Chotiga, P., Hochwälder, J., Roxberg, Å., Sandborgh, M., & Asp, M. (2016) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology · doi:10.1007/s10823-016-9296-y · Cited by 29
“Meaningfulness is the cognitive and emotional assessment that a person has of their life, which is related to value and purpose (Baumeister et al. 2013).”
DeYoung, C. G., & Blain, S. D. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108264822.026 · Cited by 34
Reciprocal associations between sense of purpose and subjective well-being in old age
Guðmundsdóttir, G. R., Pfund, G. N., Hill, P. L., & Olaru, G. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231176702 · Cited by 30
“…comprise aspects of well-being and are each associated with positive health outcomes and longevity (Diener & Chan, 2011; Ribeiro et al., 2020), sense of purpose and subjective well-being are empirically distinct constructs that can exist without the other (Baumeister et al., 2013; Vanhoutte, 2014).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., Aaker, J. L., & Garbinsky, E. N.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Baumeister, Roy F.
- Venue
- The Journal of Positive Psychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 505-516
- ISSN
- 1743-9760 (ISSN-L)
- 1743-9779
- OpenAlex
- W1519128814
- Cited by
- 1,006
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 42 · 2025: 98 · 2024: 98 · 2023: 101 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 124 · 2019: 81 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 66 · 2016: 96 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 86.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Positive Psychology (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Optimism, Hope, and Well-being
- Keywords
- happiness, meaningfulness, subjective well-being, predictors of happiness, need satisfaction, present orientation, stress, personal identity, self-expression
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