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Cited by 743Death Anxiety and Social ExclusionAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Point-Counterpoints: Anxiety and Social Exclusion

Baumeister, Roy F., Tice, Dianne M.·1990·Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
DOI 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165
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Abstract

This article elaborates a view of anxiety as deriving from a basic human need to belong to social groups. Anxiety is seen as a pervasive and possibly an innately prepared form of distress that arises in response to actual or threatened exclusion from important social groups. The reasons groups exclude individuals (incompetence, deviance or immorality, and unattractiveness) therefore should all be linked to anxiety, and events that implicate the self as incompetent, guilty, or unattractive should create anxiety. This “exclusion theory” of anxiety can be considered a broader revision of separation anxiety theory and is distinguished from theories that base anxiety on fear of death, fear of castration, and perception of uncertainty. Current evidence from multiple sources is reviewed to show the explanatory power and utility of exclusion theory, and implications of this theory are developed in relation to culturally changing standards of sexual behavior, the motivations underlying the Oedipus complex, and the formation and functions of the self.

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Crossref · 10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165

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  • It is difficult to tease apart anxiety and social anxiety because both have been exclusively traced back to social threats.

    “For example, it is difficult to tease apart anxiety and social anxiety, because both have been exclusively traced back to social threats (Baumeister & Tice, 1990; see also Matthews, 2004).”

    From Cultural norm fulfillment, interpersonal belonging, or getting ahead? A large-scale cross-cultural test of three perspectives on the function of self-esteem. (2015) · cites this paper as Baumeister & Tice, 1990

  • Ostracism from the social group impacts negatively on a variety of health-related variables, including self-esteem and sense of belonging, emotional well-being, sense of life meaning, purpose, self-efficacy, and self-worth.

    “ostracism from the social group impacts negatively on a variety of health-related variables, including one's self-esteem and sense of belonging, emotional well-being, sense of life meaning, purpose, self-efficacy, and self-worth”

    From Why do people use Facebook? (2012) · cites this paper as Baumeister & Tice, 1990

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Authors
Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M.
Affiliations
Case Western Reserve University (US)
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
Publisher
Guilford Publications
Published
1990-06
Volume
9
Issue
2
Pages
165-195
ISSN
0736-7236 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1521/jscp.1990.9.2.165
OpenAlex
W1963753597
Cited by
743
References
9
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
FWCI
7.43
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords
anxiety, social exclusion, need to belong, social group membership, guilt, self-concept, Oedipus complex, self-formation, fear of death, uncertainty

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