Circulation of structural timber for structural purposes: a review of opportunities and challenges
Abstract
The transition to a circular economy is gaining momentum as an alternative to the linear take-make-use-dispose model. Timber-based building materials have received renewed attention due to their role in both natural renewable and technical cycles, offering lower embodied energy than conventional materials, such as concrete, steel or masonry. Moreover, academics and practitioners are investigating methods to implement Design for Circularity strategies to extend material lifespans, reducing the need for virgin resources and minimizing environmental impact. The circulation of structural timber is, therefore, essential to maximize the long-term benefits of grey energy invested in harvesting, transporting and processing timber, as well as its CO₂ storage capacity. This study explored key prerequisites for the circulation of structural timber, including production processes, architectural and structural design concepts, dimensioning, and environmental considerations. These fundamentals were examined alongside a comprehensive literature review to identify opportunities, challenges, and critical knowledge gaps. The goal was to support increased and more effective circulation of structural timber in future construction practices.
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Current mechanical properties of old or reclaimed wood remain strongly dependent on species, defects, moisture content, and service history.
“They are also consistent with reviews showing that while the current mechanical properties of old or reclaimed wood may be useful, they remain strongly dependent on species, defects, moisture content, and service history (Cavalli et al. 2016;Novais Passarelli et al. 2025).”
From Preliminary structural reuse assessment of reclaimed Juniperus excelsa Timber after approximately 42 years of service: Mechanical response, visible defects, and SEM observations (2026) · cites this paper as Novais Passarelli et al. 2025
Reuse decisions require information on current mechanical response, visible and hidden defects, moisture content, and the consequences of an inadequately documented service history.
“Reuse decisions require information on current mechanical response, visible and hidden defects, moisture content, and the consequences of an inadequately documented service history (Pitti et al. 2020;Novais Passarelli et al. 2025;Ranttila et al. 2025).”
From Preliminary structural reuse assessment of reclaimed Juniperus excelsa Timber after approximately 42 years of service: Mechanical response, visible defects, and SEM observations (2026) · cites this paper as Novais Passarelli et al. 2025
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3 of the 115 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Stiffness Prediction of Wooden Dowel Connections with Beam-on-Foundation Models
Santis, Y. D., Aloisio, A., & Fragiacomo, M. (2025) · Journal of Structural Engineering · doi:10.1061/jsendh.steng-15001 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Huber, J. A. J., Svilans, T., Kauniste, M., Vonk, N. H., Broman, O., Tuhkanen, E., Wuyts, W., Just, A., Tamke, M., & Thomsen, M. R. (2026) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-026-02433-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Circulation of Structural Timber: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges
Passarelli, R. N., Chiletto, T. D. O., Brandner, R., & Ottenhaus, L.-M. (2025) · Springer tracts in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02098-7_31
Self-citationTowards Circularity in Multi-Storey Wood Buildings: a Systematic Literature Review
Quarcoo, F., Myhren, J. A., Binder, E., & Dodoo, A. (2026) · Circular Economy and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43615-026-01082-z
Kilian, J., Mangliár, L., D’Arenzo, G., Belladelli, L., & Hudert, M. (2026) · Architecture Structures and Construction · doi:10.1007/s44150-026-00201-6
Özbay, G., BOZKURT, Ö., & Ayrılmış, N. (2026) · International Polymer Processing · doi:10.1515/ipp-2026-0034
Santana-Sosa, A., & Rieger-Jandl, A. (2026) · Lecture notes in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-35104-3_137
Isaac, P., Bergsagel, D., Koeck, A., Ridley-Ellis, D., & Cramer, M. (2026) · Wood Material Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/17480272.2026.2750192
- Authors
- Novais Passarelli, R., Chiletto, T. D. O., Brandner, R., & Ottenhaus, L.-M.
- Affiliations
- Universiteit Hasselt
- Hasselt University (BE)
- Graz University of Technology (AT)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Wood Material Science & Engineering
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2025-05-02
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 778-799
- ISSN
- 1748-0272 (ISSN-L)
- 1748-0280
- OpenAlex
- W4410026588
- Cited by
- 8
- References
- 115
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 2
- FWCI
- 3.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Wood Material Science and Engineering (publishedVersion)
- Document Server@UHasselt (UHasselt) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
- Keywords
- structural timber, circular economy, wood reuse, wood recycling, circular design, embodied energy, CO2 sequestration, structural design concepts
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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