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Cited by 82Sustainable Building Design and AssessmentSustainable Design and DevelopmentSustainable Supply Chain Management

Design strategies to increase the reuse of wood materials in buildings: Lessons from architectural practice

Open access
Piccardo, Chiara, Hughes, Mark·2022·Journal of Cleaner Production
DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133083
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AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This qualitative study identifies design patterns that architects use to recirculate wood in buildings, distinguishing “upstream” design-for-disassembly strategies from “downstream” reuse of salvaged wood. Across nine real-world case studies, it finds both approaches are feasible in lightweight and heavyweight wood systems but face cost, time, material-quality, and building-standard barriers.

Key findings

  • Three upstream patterns were identified: joint configuration (reversible/durable joints), relational dependency (independent components and services), and level of prefabrication. Two downstream patterns were identified: recovery of salvaged wood and adaptable building layout.
  • Five of nine case studies adopted upstream strategies, while eight adopted downstream strategies; three used salvaged wood only in non-load-bearing elements.
  • Reported outcomes include no wood losses in the BRIC building, minor wood losses in MAI and MULT due to CLT panel adaptation, and an estimated salvaged-wood reuse rate in WASH of 60% for wood panels and 90% for wood battens.
  • Challenges included extra design/manufacturing time and cost, quality uncertainty of salvaged wood (moisture, metal residues, grading), difficulty meeting acoustic/energy standards, and a lack of metrics/indicators for wood recirculation.

Methods

  • Qualitative multiple-case-study approach in three steps: selecting real-world case-study buildings from literature and grey literature, conducting semi-structured interviews with designers, and coding interview reports iteratively to identify recurring patterns.
  • Nine case-study buildings built between 2007 and 2018 were analyzed; six were residential, and four were “demonstrator” buildings.
  • Interviews covered reasons for adopting upstream/downstream strategies, design and construction implications, and perceived benefits and challenges.

Limitations

  • The paper states that it does not define benchmarks, that the sample is small, and that further studies with a larger sample could quantify how often individual patterns recur and their wood-cascading potential.
  • The paper states that interviews were not intended to quantify cascading potential, and that in most downstream case studies the rate of salvaged wood actually reused was unknown to interviewees.
  • Evident from the text: findings rely on designer interviews and self-reported experiences rather than measured material flows, and most cases had one interviewee, often the project architect.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133083

Cites

56 of 56 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 31 cited sources checked · 2 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Design for disassembly principles in buildings have not turned into established practices yet.

    “Finally, DfD principles in 130 buildings have not turned into established practices yet (Rios et al., 2015)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Rios et al., 2015 source
  • Premisecitation

    Conventional wood façades generated four times more waste than reversible wood façades over a life span of 50 years due to the difficult substitution and separation of building materials.

    “The authors found that conventional wood façades 128 generated four times more waste than reversible wood façades over a life span of 50 years, due 129 to the difficult substitution and separation of building materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Androsevic et al., 2019 source

      The Case studies section compares conventional and reversible wooden façades over a 50-year scenario, and the Discussion links the conventional system’s difficult separation and transformation to waste creation. Our copy does not state that the conventional façade generated four times as much waste; the fourfold magnitude is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    Based on the interviews, three patterns for upstream strategies were identified: joint configuration, relational dependency, and level of prefabrication.

    “Based on the content of the interviews, three patterns for upstream strategies were identified, 279 namely joint configuration, relational dependency, and the level of prefabrication.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Three case studies (CIRC, LIAN and SVAR) used salvaged wood only in non-load-bearing elements.

    “Three case studies (i.e.CIRC, LIAN and SVAR) 270 used salvaged wood only in non-load-bearing elements (e.g.windows and façades).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Eight buildings (all the case studies, excluding LISB) adopted downstream strategies, using salvaged wood materials for the load-bearing and/or non-load-bearing elements.

    “while eight buildings (all the case 268 studies, excluding LISB) adopted downstream strategies, using salvaged wood materials for the 269 load-bearing and/or non-load-bearing elements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 39
  • May combine two claims. 27
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    The use of standard and, whenever possible, glueless wood elements in new constructions can increase the reuse of wood elements.

    “Klinge et al. (2019) recommended the use of standard and, 117 whenever possible, glueless wood elements in new constructions in order to increase the reuse 118 of wood elements.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Klinge et al., 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    All case-study buildings designed to be disassembled paid special attention to the reversibility of fastenings and connectors, which can be divided into standard and customized.

    “All the case-study 290 buildings designed to be disassembled paid special attention to the reversibility of fastenings and 291 connectors, which can be divided into standard and customized.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Five buildings (BRIC, LISB, MAI, MULT and WASH) adopted upstream strategies, which mainly consisted of Design for Disassembly.

    “Five buildings (i.e.BRIC, LISB, MAI, MULT and WASH) adopted upstream strategies, 267 which mainly consisted of Design for Disassembly (DfD)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The case studies included buildings in different geographical contexts built between 2007 and 2018.

    “The case studies included buildings in different geographical contexts built within a relatively short 258 time frame, between 2007 and 2018.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The purpose of the buildings was mainly residential (six out of nine), but the group also included cultural and office buildings.

    “The purpose of the buildings was mainly residential (six out 259 of nine), but the group also included cultural and office buildings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Four buildings (BRIC, CIRC, MAI and WASH) were constructed as demonstrators, with the aim of testing experimental design strategies and technologies, specifically DfD and the reuse of salvaged wood elements.

    “Four buildings (i.e.BRIC, CIRC, 260 MAI and WASH) were constructed as”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    A total of nine case studies were identified from the literature review.

    “A total of nine case studies were identified from the aforementioned review of the literature.246”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the LISB case study, the recovery of wood in the floors might be challenging in future because mixed technologies (wood and concrete) were used in order to meet acoustic standards.

    “For instance, in the 462 LISB case study, the interviewee reported that the recovery of wood in the floors might be 463 challenging in future because mixed technologies (i.e.wood and concrete) were used in order 464 to meet acoustic standards.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The size, shape and other characteristics of salvaged wood materials were considered during the design phase in order to define a suitable and harmonious building layout, and to reduce waste generation.

    “The size, shape and other 377 characteristics of salvaged wood materials were considered during the design phase in order to 378 define a suitable and harmonious building layout, and to reduce waste generation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The WASH, MAI, and LISB buildings adopted customized reversible fastenings only for building parts expected to be detached and replaced during the life of the building, while they used standard fastenings for all other building elements.

    “The 297 WASH, MAI, and LISB buildings adopted customized reversible fastenings only for those 298 building parts that were expected to be detached and replaced during the life of the building, while 299 they used standard fastenings to connect all the other building elements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the LISB building, wood load-bearing elements can be easily and fully disassembled, with the exception of the floors, which were completed as cast-in-situ concrete slabs to meet acoustic requirements and hence might require additional on-site work for the separation of different materials.

    “In the LISB 320 building, wood load-bearing elements can be easily and fully disassembled, with the exception of 321 the floors, which were completed as cast-in-situ concrete slabs to meet acoustic requirements, and 322 hence might require additional on-site work for the separation of different materials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The criteria for using standard or customized joints vary among the case studies, though costs have great influence.

    “The criteria for using standard or 293 customized joints vary among the case studies, though costs have great influence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In the LIAN case study, the interviewee highlighted that the aesthetic of wood is also important when wood elements are reused in façades.

    “In the LIAN case study, the interviewee highlighted that the 371 aesthetic of wood is also important when wood elements are reused in façades.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    According to the MULT building's interviewee, the wide array of possible building layouts designed for the pavilion challenged the prefabrication of three-dimensional modules.

    “According to the MULT building's 342 interviewee, the wide array of possible building layouts designed for the pavilion challenged the 343 prefabrication of three-dimensional modules.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning

    This resulted in an iterative design process.

    “This resulted in 379 an iterative design process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Two different patterns were identified for downstream strategies: recovery of salvaged wood, and adaptable building layout.

    “Two different patterns were identified for downstream strategies: recovery of salvaged wood, and 347 adaptable building layout.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    The MAI building included salvaged CLT panels previously used for research purposes.

    “The MAI building 361 included salvaged CLT panels previously used for research purposes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    Each MAI module was made of CLT panels connected through non-reversible standard fastenings; hence it was the smallest dismountable unit of the building.

    “Each module was made of CLT panels connected through non-reversible standard 338 fastenings; hence, it was the smallest dismountable unit of the building.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the MAI building, the modules were prefabricated off site and were assembled on site through reversible joints.

    “In the MAI 336 building, the modules were prefabricated off site and were assembled on site through reversible 337 joints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the MULT building, the modules were pre-assembled off site to accelerate assembly operations, but the CLT panels were entirely connected through reversible joints.

    “In the MULT building, 339 the modules were pre-assembled off site in order to accelerate the assembly operations, but the 340 CLT panels were entirely connected through reversible joints.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    In the WASH building only, the reuse rate of salvaged wood was estimated to be 60% for wood panels and 90% for wood battens.

    “In the WASH building only, the reuse rate 490 of salvaged wood was estimated to be 60% for wood panels and 90% for wood battens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Three of five case-study buildings (BRIC, MAI, MULT) experienced two assembly and disassembly cycles at the time of the interviews, whereas the remainder (LISB and WASH) were not disassembled yet.

    “Three of five case-study-buildings (i.e.BRIC, MAI, 482 MULT) experienced two assembly and disassembly cycles at the time of the interviews, whereas 483 the remainder (i.e.LISB and WASH) were not disassembled yet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The case studies analysed show a strong commitment to implement upstream and downstream strategies but also highlight a few challenges.

    “The case studies analysed show a strong commitment to implement upstream and downstream 541 strategies but also highlight a few challenges.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The resistance of connectors could reduce damage to wood elements during repeated assembly and disassembly operations.

    “whilst the resistance of connectors could reduce damage to wood elements 111 during repeated assembly and disassembly operations (Crowther, 2002).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crowther, 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The interview questions served to validate information previously retrieved from literature on the case-study buildings.

    “The questions also served to validate information previously retrieved from literature on the case-217 study buildings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The selected case studies were deemed suitable to describe the use of upstream and downstream strategies to recirculate wood in a representative sample of construction systems.

    “These case studies were deemed suitable to describe the use of upstream and downstream 247 strategies to recirculate wood in a representative sample of construction systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The selected case-study buildings are representative of construction systems for describing upstream and downstream strategies.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    To preserve forest sustainability it is important to couple the use of new wood-based products with the design of durable wood constructions and reusable wood elements.

    “noting that to preserve forest sustainability it is important to couple the use of new 44 wood-based products with the design of durable wood constructions and reusable wood 45 elements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Churkina et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reuse of building components such as windows might be challenging due to changing standards on energy efficiency and difficulties in separating the materials incorporated in them.

    “Teischinger et al. (2016) 95 highlight that the reuse of building components such as windows might be challenging due to 96 changing standards on energy efficiency and difficulties in separating the materials 97 incorporated in them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Teischinger et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    27% by weight of wood elements, including flooring, doors and windows, of a wood-framed building can be soft-stripped and hence reused.

    “Diyamandoglu and Fortuna (2015), for example, 93 estimated that 27% by weight of wood elements, including flooring, doors and windows, of a 94 wood-framed building can be soft-stripped, and hence reused.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Diyamandoglu and Fortuna, 2015 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The interview reports were coded through an iterative approach.

    “Finally, the interview reports were coded through an iterative approach, keeping in 229 mind the main questions of the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CLT constructions support modular design, prefabrication and reversible joints, facilitating design for disassembly and the reuse of CLT panels.

    “Lehmann (2013) highlighted that CLT 124 constructions support modular design, prefabrication and reversible joints (i.e.bolted joints), 125 facilitating design for disassembly (DfD) and the reuse of CLT panels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lehmann, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The content of the first interviews (four of nine) was shared and discussed between the authors and other researchers of the project team.

    “During a 226 meeting organized within the funded research project, the content of the first interviews (i.e.four 227 of nine interviews) was shared and discussed between authors and the other researchers of the 228 project team.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Semi-structured interviews can provide an in-depth understanding of the research topic, revealing issues not previously identified.

    “Furthermore, semi-structured interviews can provide 209 an in-depth understanding of the research topic, for example revealing issues not previously 210 identified (Horton et al., 2004).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Horton et al., 2004 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The use of wood-based connectors could improve the cascading potential of wood elements in the case of disassembly.

    “Riggio et al. (2016) also suggested that the use wood-based connectors could improve 115 the cascading potential of wood elements in the case of disassembly.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Riggio et al., 2016 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Prefabricated wood constructions reduce wood waste from construction activities to nearly zero due to efficient fabrication and the reuse of surplus material, whereas conventional wood constructions waste about 5 to 15% of the wood used in their building.

    “Quale et al. (2012) found that prefabricated wood 121 constructions reduce wood waste from construction activities to nearly zero due to efficient 122 fabrication and the reuse of surplus material, whereas conventional wood constructions waste 123 about 5 to 15% of the wood used in their building.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Quale et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The number of case studies identified was comparable with those adopted by other literature studies investigating design aspects.

    “The number 248 of case studies identified was also comparable with those adopted by other literature studies 249 investigating design aspects (see section 2. Methodology).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Wood elements with cross-sections of less than 80 mm × 80 mm can be more easily damaged during demolition and hence are more suitable for recycling in secondary products than for reuse.

    “Nakajima 98 and Futaki (2002) found that wood elements with cross-sections of less than 80 mm × 80 mm 99 can be more easily damaged during the demolition process, and hence are more suitable for 100 recycling in secondary products (e.g.wood boards) than for reuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Nakajima and Futaki, 2002

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Semi-structured interviews allow the interviewer to keep an open-minded approach and the interviewees to elaborate on their own perspectives freely.

    “This method of interviewing allows the interviewer to keep an open-minded 207 approach, following the contours of the investigation, and the interviewees to elaborate on their 208 own perspectives freely (Silverman, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Silverman, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Increasing demand for wood-based products might generate trade-offs affecting biomass availability, forest ecosystem services, and the climate change mitigation potential of forests.

    “However, the increasing demand 40 for wood-based products might also generate trade-offs, affecting biomass availability, forest 41 ecosystem services, and the climate change mitigation potential of forests (Jonsson et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jonsson et al., 2021 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    With the exception of one case study, all interviewees selected were the architects who had been project leaders.

    “With the exception of one of the 219 case studies, all the interviewees selected were the architects who had been project leaders.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Building design generally does not consider end-of-life, so fixings and joints are difficult to disassemble, resulting in breakage and the presence of metallic and/or polymer fixings in the wood component.

    “Regarding building design, this generally does 73 not consider end-of-life so, for example, fixings and joints are difficult to disassemble, resulting 74 in breakage and the presence of an array of metallic and/or polymer fixing in the wood 75 component.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vis et al., 2016

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The interviews were not intended to quantify the cascading potential of wood in the case-study buildings.

    “Although the interviews were not intended to quantify the cascading potential of wood in the case-479 study buildings”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The study of the relational dependency of building components requires a systemic view that includes not only the building system but also its environmental and socio-economic systems.

    “Durmisevic (2006) highlights that the study of the relational dependency of 413 building components requires a systemic view that includes not only the building system but 414 also its environmental and socio-economic systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Durmisevic (2006)

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The design of the relational dependence between building components is essential for an efficient disassembly of wood materials, and should take into account functional and technical composition as well as physical interactions between components.

    “The design 409 of the relational dependence between the building components is essential for an efficient 410 disassembly of wood materials, and should take into account different aspects such as the 411 functional and technical composition, as well as the physical interactions between the 412 components.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Circularity metrics are crucial to incentivize upstream and downstream strategies, which typically involve extra time and thus costs.

    “Circularity metrics are also crucial to incentivize upstream and downstream 518 strategies, which typically involve extra time (and thus costs).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Criteria on the use of salvaged wood should be defined because wood cascading can potentially serve different purposes, namely reuse, recycling and energy recovery.

    “Finally, as wood cascading can potentially serve different purposes, namely reuse, recycling 521 and energy recovery, criteria on the use of salvaged wood should be defined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ISO 20887 standard highlights the need for metrics, either quantitative or qualitative, to measure the progress and implementation of circular strategies in buildings.

    “The ISO 20887 standard (ISO 20887, 510 2020), highlights the need for metrics, either in a quantitative or qualitative sense, to measure 511 the progress and implementation of circular strategies in buildings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ISO 20887, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The need to incentivize design for wood recirculation is highlighted by the literature.

    “The need to incentivize design 519 for wood recirculation is highlighted by the literature (Husgafvel et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Husgafvel et al., 2018 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Information on the actual material efficiency of new buildings is lacking, and the level of implementation of material-efficient practices is unknown.

    “Hence, information on the actual material efficiency of new buildings is lacking, and the level of 553 implementation of material-efficient practices is unknown.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In contrast to energy efficiency, the material efficiency performance of new buildings is neither regulated nor certified.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Indicators related to circular production are numerous but are usually too generic.

    “Another study (Saidani et al., 2019) reviewing fifty-five sets of circularity 514 indicators observes that indicators related to circular production are numerous but are usually 515 too generic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Saidani et al., 2019 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Disassembly planning procedures could help to link upstream and downstream strategies, which are too often considered as separate processes.

    “Nevertheless, these procedures could help to link upstream and downstream strategies, which 505 are too often considered as separate processes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The ISO 20887 standard recommends the development of a disassembly plan to facilitate the future disassembly of the building and thus the material recirculation.

    “The ISO 20887 standard (ISO 498 20887, 2020), which had not been released at the time when the interviews were performed, 499 recommends the development of a disassembly plan to facilitate the future disassembly of the 500 building (i.e. upstream strategy) and thus the material recirculation (i.e. downstream strategies).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ISO 20887, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The European Directive on waste promotes the principle of a waste hierarchy prioritizing reuse and recycling over energy recovery of waste and recommends its application when providing incentives.

    “The European 522 Directive on waste (European Parliament and Council, 2018) promotes the principle of a waste 523 hierarchy prioritizing reuse and recycling over energy recovery of waste and recommends its 524 application when providing incentives.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites European Parliament and Council, 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Current building standards should take into account the implementation of circular strategies in wood buildings.

    “Therefore, current building standards 547 should take into account the implementation of circular strategies in wood buildings.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The reuse potential of salvaged wood is expected to vary significantly among the case studies.

    “the reuse potential of salvaged wood is expected to vary significantly among the case studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
55 of 55

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies on current architectural practices addressing the reuse of wood elements in buildings have not been conducted yet.

    “Although several studies investigate specific aspects concerning the efficient cascading of wood 135 materials, studies on current architectural practices addressing the reuse of wood elements in 136 buildings have not been conducted yet.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Demolition practices tend to rely on mechanical equipment that often damages or breaks otherwise good material, rendering it difficult to reuse or recycle.

    “Partly because of the difficulty in disassembling the structure, demolition practices 76 tend to rely on the use of mechanical equipment that often damages or breaks otherwise good 77 material, rendering it difficult to reuse or recycle.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The selected case-study buildings are representative of construction systems for describing upstream and downstream strategies.

    “These case studies were deemed suitable to describe the use of upstream and downstream 247 strategies to recirculate wood in a representative sample of construction systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In contrast to energy efficiency, the material efficiency performance of new buildings is neither regulated nor certified.

    “In contrast to energy 551 efficiency, the material efficiency performance of new buildings is neither regulated nor certified.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Few literature studies have investigated the implementation of circular strategies in new wood constructions, and standard procedures are still fragmented.

    “Few literature studies have investigated 554 the implementation of circular strategies in new wood constructions, and standard procedures are 555 still fragmented.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The reuse of CLT panels is still infrequent, as the technology is relatively new and its first applications date back to just thirty years ago.

    “Furthermore, to the authors' 448 knowledge, the reuse of CLT panels is still infrequent, as the technology is relatively new and 449 its first applications date back to just thirty years ago.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • SVAR is placed among load-bearing wood-reuse examples despite reusing wood only in non-load-bearing elements

    Minor

    The downstream-strategies section includes SVAR in its discussion of salvaged wood used for load-bearing elements. Earlier, the paper explicitly says SVAR used salvaged wood only in non-load-bearing elements.

  • MULT's building services are both independent and not marked independent

    Minor

    The text says all the case-study buildings with upstream strategies, including MULT, adopted independent building services. Table 2 leaves MULT's entry blank for that pattern.

2 of 2

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Crowther, 1999, Design for disassembly to extend service life and increase sustainability conference, Vancouver (1999

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Piccardo, C., & Hughes, M.
Affiliations
Aalto University (FI)
Corresponding author
Piccardo, Chiara
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Cleaner Production
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-09
Volume
368
Pages
133083
ISSN
0959-6526 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133083
OpenAlex
W4285097028
Semantic Scholar
47f6dcb812e3d038c9ae4187b0fcccbe6b546392
Cited by
82
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 2
FWCI
6.75
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Journal of Cleaner Production (publishedVersion)
  • Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Lirias (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • European Institute of Innovation & Technology
  • Ympäristöministeriö (VN/5272/2018)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Building Design and Assessment
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Sustainable Design and Development
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Strategy and Management › Sustainable Supply Chain Management
Keywords
wood reuse, circular economy, wood products, architectural design strategies, prefabrication, building adaptability, biomass availability, forest ecosystem services, building code compliance, architectural practice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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