The performance and psychological effects of goal setting in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews

Page, M. J., McKenzie, J. E., Bossuyt, P. M., Boutron, I., Hoffmann, T. C., Mulrow, C. D., Shamseer, L., Tetzlaff, J. M., Akl, E. A., Brennan, S. E., et al. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n71 · Cited by 108,283 · see citing works

Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change

Bandura, A. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 · Cited by 43,925 · see citing works

Introduction to Meta‐Analysis

Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799 · see citing works

A power primer.

Cohen, J. (1992) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.112.1.155 · Cited by 8,771 · see citing works

Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: A 35-year odyssey.

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2002) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.57.9.705 · Cited by 7,766 · cited 3× · see citing works

The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) version 2018 for information professionals and researchers

Hong, Q. N., Fàbregues, S., Bartlett, G., Boardman, F., Cargo, M., Dagenais, P., Gagnon, M.-P., Griffiths, F., Nicolau, B., O’Cathain, A., et al. (2018) · Education for Information · doi:10.3233/efi-180221 · Cited by 4,737 · cited 2× · see citing works

Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline

Campbell, M., McKenzie, J. E., Sowden, A., Katikireddi, S. V., Brennan, S. E., Ellis, S., Hartmann-Boyce, J., Ryan, R., Shepperd, S., Thomas, J., et al. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l6890 · Cited by 4,628 · see citing works

The competitive ethos and democratic education

(1989) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.27-1049 · Cited by 2,787 · see citing works

Goal setting and task performance: 1969-1980.

Locke, E. A., Shaw, K. N., Saari, L. M., & Latham, G. P. (1981) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.90.1.125 · Cited by 2,656 · see citing works

Approach and avoidance achievement goals and intrinsic motivation: A mediational analysis.

Elliot, A. J., & Harackiewicz, J. M. (1996) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.70.3.461 · Cited by 2,531 · see citing works

Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis.

IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Rovers, M. M., & Goeman, J. J. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247 · Cited by 2,264 · see citing works

Guidance on the conduct of narrative synthesis in systematic reviews: A product from the ESRC Methods Programme

Popay, J., Roberts, H., Sowden, A., Petticrew, M., Arai, L., Rodgers, M., Britten, N., Roen, K., & Duffy, S. (2006) · Lancaster University · doi:10.13140/2.1.1018.4643 · Cited by 2,070 · see citing works

New Directions in Goal-Setting Theory

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2006.00449.x · Cited by 2,039 · see citing works

A theory of goal setting & task performance

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works

Publication bias in the social sciences: Unlocking the file drawer

Franco, A., Malhotra, N., & Simonovits, G. (2014) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1255484 · Cited by 1,542 · see citing works

New Developments in Goal Setting and Task Performance

Locke, E. A. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203082744 · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works

A 3 × 2 achievement goal model.

Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. H. (2011) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0023952 · Cited by 855 · see citing works

Flow: the psychology of happiness

Csíkszentmihályi, M. (1992) · Cited by 729 · see citing works

The Relation of Self-Efficacy Measures to Sport Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review

Moritz, S. E., Feltz, D. L., Fahrbach, K. R., & Mack, D. E. (2000) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2000.10608908 · Cited by 713 · see citing works

Developmental phases in self-regulation: shifting from process goals to outcome goals.

Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (1997) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.89.1.29 · Cited by 604 · see citing works

Which is more generalizable, powerful and interpretable in meta-analyses, mean difference or standardized mean difference?

Takeshima, N., Sozu, T., Tajika, A., Ogawa, Y., Hayasaka, Y., & Furukawa, T. A. (2014) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-14-30 · Cited by 387 · see citing works

Unique effects of setting goals on behavior change: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Epton, T., Currie, S., & Armitage, C. J. (2017) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/ccp0000260 · Cited by 383 · see citing works

Advances in Sport Psychology

Martin, J. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199407000-00022 · Cited by 364 · see citing works

A Model of Behavioral Self-Regulation: Translating Intention into Action

Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1988) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60230-0 · Cited by 353 · see citing works

The Application of Goal Setting to Sports

Locke, E. A., & Latham, G. P. (1985) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.7.3.205 · Cited by 349 · see citing works

A Meta-Analysis of Self-Reported Achievement Goals and Nonself-Report Performance across Three Achievement Domains (Work, Sports, and Education)

Yperen, N. W. V., Blaga, M., & Postmes, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093594 · Cited by 282 · see citing works

The effectiveness of multi-component goal setting interventions for changing physical activity behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis

McEwan, D., Harden, S. M., Zumbo, B. D., Sylvester, B. D., Kaulius, M., Ruissen, G. R., Dowd, A. J., & Beauchamp, M. R. (2015) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2015.1104258 · Cited by 271 · see citing works

Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: A Research Synthesis to Resolve the Controversy

Kyllo, L. B., & Landers, D. M. (1995) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.17.2.117 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

Self-regulated learning of a motoric skill: The role of goal setting and self-monitoring

Zimmerman, B. J., & Kitsantas, A. (1996) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209608406308 · Cited by 201 · see citing works

Sport psychology and performance meta-analyses: A systematic review of the literature

Lochbaum, M. R., Stoner, E., Hefner, T., Cooper, S., Lane, A. M., & Terry, P. C. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263408 · Cited by 173 · see citing works

Psychological states underlying excellent performance in sport: toward an integrated model of flow and clutch states

Swann, C., Crust, L., Jackman, P., Vella, S. A., Allen, M. S., & Keegan, R. (2017) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2016.1272650 · Cited by 165 · see citing works

Winning Isn’t Everything: Examining the Impact of Performance Goals on Collegiate Swimmers’ Cognitions and Performance

Burton, D. (1989) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.3.2.105 · Cited by 160 · see citing works

Children's Self-Efficacy, Motivational Intentions, and Attributions in Physical Education and Sport

Chase, M. A. (2001) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2001.10608931 · Cited by 159 · see citing works

Routledge companion to sport and exercise psychology: global perspectives and fundamental concepts

Spittle, M. (2014) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2014.982362 · Cited by 146 · see citing works

Writing a Literature Review

Baumeister, R. F. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3994-3_8 · Cited by 129 · see citing works

Effects of Different Types of Goals on Processes That Support Performance

Kingston, K. M., & Hardy, L. (1997) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.11.3.277 · Cited by 121 · see citing works

A meta-analytic review of the approach-avoidance achievement goals and performance relationships in the sport psychology literature

Lochbaum, M. R., & Gottardy, J. (2014) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2013.12.004 · Cited by 119 · see citing works

Psychological states underlying excellent performance in professional golfers: “Letting it happen” vs. “making it happen”

Swann, C., Keegan, R. J., Crust, L., & Piggott, D. (2015) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2015.10.008 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

Peak performance in sport: Identifying ideal performance states and developing athletes' psychological skills.

Harmison, R. J. (2006) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/0735-7028.37.3.233 · Cited by 116 · see citing works

The application of Goal Setting Theory to goal setting interventions in sport: a systematic review

Jeong, Y. H., Healy, L. C., & McEwan, D. (2023) · International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1750984x.2021.1901298 · Cited by 113 · see citing works

Take the first heuristic, self-efficacy, and decision-making in sport.

Hepler, T. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/a0027807 · Cited by 105 · see citing works

The effect of multiple-goal strategies on performance outcomes in training and competition

Filby, W. C. D., Maynard, I. W., & Graydon, J. K. (1999) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209908404202 · Cited by 97 · see citing works

The (over)use of SMART goals for physical activity promotion: A narrative review and critique

Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Lawrence, A., Hawkins, R. M., Goddard, S. G., Williamson, O., Schweickle, M. J., Vella, S. A., Rosenbaum, S., & Panteleimon Ekkekakis, A. (2022) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2021.2023608 · Cited by 87 · see citing works

Problems With Goal-Setting Research in Sports—and Their Solution

Locke, E. A. (1991) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.13.3.311 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

The fundamental goal concept: the path to process and performance success.

Burton, D., & Weiss, C. (2008) · Cited by 71 · see citing works

The effect of different goals and self-recording on self-regulation of learning a motor skill in a physical education setting

Kolovelonis, A., Γούδας, Μ., & Dermitzaki, I. (2010) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2010.04.001 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

The Effects of Goal Proximity and Goal Specificity on Endurance Performance

Weinberg, R. S., Bruya, L. D., & Jackson, A. (1985) · Journal of Sport Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsp.7.3.296 · Cited by 67 · see citing works

Goal Setting in Sport: Clarifying Recent Anomalies

Hall, H., & Byrne, A. T. (1988) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.10.2.184 · Cited by 62 · see citing works

Research Methods in Sport

Smith, M. F. (2018) · doi:10.4135/9781526433992 · Cited by 61 · see citing works

The influence of goals, commitment, self-efficacy and self-satisfaction on motor performance

Theodorakis, Y. (1996) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413209608406475 · Cited by 54 · see citing works

Effects of Self-Efficacy, Satisfaction, and Personal Goals on Swimming Performance

Theodorakis, Y. (1995) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.9.3.245 · Cited by 50 · see citing works

The effects of self-talk and goal setting on self-regulation of learning a new motor skill in physical education

Kolovelonis, A., Γούδας, Μ., & Dermitzaki, I. (2012) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2012.671592 · Cited by 48 · see citing works

Achievement goals, self-handicapping, and performance: A 2 × 2 achievement goal perspective

Ntoumanis, N., Thøgersen‐Ntoumani, C., & Smith, A. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903150459 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Self-Regulated Learning of a Motor Skill Through Emulation and Self-Control Levels in a Physical Education Setting

Kolovelonis, A., Γούδας, Μ., & Dermitzaki, I. (2010) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413201003664681 · Cited by 43 · see citing works

Effects of a Goal-Setting Training Program on Basketball Free-Throw Self-Efficacy and Performance

Miller, J. T., & McAuley, E. (1987) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.1.2.103 · Cited by 39 · see citing works

Goal-Setting Effects in Elite and Nonelite Boxers

O’Brien, M. K., Mellalieu, S. D., & Hanton, S. (2009) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200903030894 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

The effects of open vs. specific goals on flow and clutch states in a cognitive task

Schweickle, M. J., Groves, S., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2017) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.08.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works

Cardiac and respiratory activity and golf putting performance under attentional focus instructions

Neumann, D. L., & Thomas, P. R. (2011) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.02.002 · Cited by 34 · see citing works

Learning goals: A qualitative and quantitative review.

Seijts, G., Latham, G. P., & Woodwark, M. J. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203082744-24 · Cited by 31 · see citing works

Comparing the effects of goal types in a walking session with healthy adults: Preliminary evidence for open goals in physical activity

Swann, C., Hooper, A., Schweickle, M. J., Peoples, G. E., Mullan, J., Hutto, D. D., Allen, M. S., & Vella, S. A. (2019) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.01.003 · Cited by 30 · see citing works

The effects of achievement goals on performance, enjoyment, and practice of a novel motor task

Kavussanu, M., Morris, R. L., & Ring, C. (2009) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640410903229287 · Cited by 29 · see citing works

The relationship between goal setting, self-efficacy, and female field hockey team performance.

Lee, E. L. (1989) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 28 · see citing works

Competitive Performance Effects of Psychological Skill Training for Youth Swimmers

Meggs, J., & Chen, M. A. (2019) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512519852533 · Cited by 26 · see citing works

The effects of goal types on psychological outcomes in active and insufficiently active adults in a walking task: Further evidence for open goals

Hawkins, R. M., Crust, L., Swann, C., & Jackman, P. C. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101661 · Cited by 25 · see citing works

The Effect of Goal Setting Difficulty on Serving Success in Table Tennis and the Mediating Mechanism of Self-regulation

Liu, W., Zhou, C., Ji, L., & Watson, J. C. (2012) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/v10078-012-0056-y · Cited by 22 · see citing works

The benefits to sport achievement when a multiple goal orientation is emphasized.

Steinberg, G. M., Singer, R. N., & Murphey, M. (2000) · Journal of sport behavior · Cited by 20 · see citing works

The Effects of Goal Setting on Performance and Spontaneous Goal-Setting Behavior of Experienced Pistol Shooters

Boyce, B. A. (1994) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.8.1.87 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

The effectiveness of goal setting as a strategy to improve basketball shooting performance.

Lane, A., & Streeter, B. (2003) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 15 · see citing works

Served Well? A Pilot Field Study on the Effects of Conveying Self-Control Strategies on Volleyball Service Performance

Bieleke, M., Kriech, C., & Wolff, W. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9090093 · Cited by 15 · see citing works

The role of mental toughness in the occurrence of flow and clutch states in sport

Jackman, P. C., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2020) · Lincoln Repository (University of Lincoln) · Cited by 14 · see citing works

The Effects of Group versus Individual Goal Setting on Bowling Performance

Johnson, S. R., Ostrow, A. C., Perna, F. M., & Etzel, E. F. (1997) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.11.2.190 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Practice using performance goals enhances basketball free throw accuracy when tested under competition in elite players

Neumann, D. L., & Hohnke, E. (2018) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2018.132.05 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Aerobic performance under different goal orientations and different goal conditions.

Bar‐Eli, M., Tenenbaum, G., Pie, J. S., Kudar, K., Weinberg, R. S., & Barak, Y. (1997) · Journal of sport behavior · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The effects of achievement goals on emotions and performance in a competitive agility task.

Dewar, A. J., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2013) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032291 · Cited by 11 · see citing works

The Relationship between Goal Proximity and Specificity in Bowling: A Field Experiment

Frierman, S. H., Weinberg, R. S., & Jackson, A. (1990) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.4.2.145 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Approach-achievement goals and motivational context on psycho-physiological functioning and performance among novice basketball players

Mulvenna, M., Adie, J. W., Sage, L. D., Wilson, N., & Howat, D. (2020) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101714 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

The relationship between goal setting, self-efficacy, and female field hockey team performance.

Lee, C. (1989) · International journal of sport psychology · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Difficult group goal improves serve reception of experienced volleyball players

Dutra, L. N., Benda, R. N., Lage, G. M., & Ugrinowitsch, H. (2017) · Journal of Human Sport and Exercise · doi:10.14198/jhse.2017.122.04 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

A case study of applying collective technical-tactical performance goals in elite men’s volleyball team

Palao, J. M., Hernández, E. H., Ortega, E., & García-de-Alcaráz, A. (2016) · IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) · doi:10.24985/ijass.2016.28.2.68 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Effects of Psychological Interventions to Enhance Athletic Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Reinebo, G., Alfonsson, S., Jansson‐Fröjmark, M., Rozental, A., & Lundgren, T. (2023) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-023-01931-z · Cited by 112 · see citing works

The what, why, and how of goal setting: A review of the goal-setting process in applied sport psychology practice

Bird, M. D., Swann, C., & Jackman, P. C. (2023) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2023.2185699 · Cited by 57 · see citing works

Family incivility and workplace bullying: mediating and moderating model of psychological safety, optimism and organization-based self-esteem

Vincent, M. T. P., Mohandas, N. P., Jose, G., John, A., & Kuriakose, V. (2022) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/ijcma-04-2022-0085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works

Defining open goals for the promotion of health behaviours: a critical conceptual review

Swann, C., Goddard, S. G., Schweickle, M. J., Hawkins, R. M., Williamson, O., Gargioli, D., Clarke, M. M., Jackman, P. C., & Vella, S. A. (2025) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437199.2025.2467695 · Cited by 19 · see citing works

Self-regulatory processes in goal striving during excellent distance-running performances: A qualitative study

Jackman, P. C., Whitehead, A. E., Swann, C., & Brick, N. (2023) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102516 · Cited by 13 · see citing works

Exploratory Study of Psychophysiological Stress in Esports: Training and Competition in Professional League of Legends

Leis, O., Praisan, G., Pedraza-Ramirez, I., Sharpe, B. T., Laborde, S., & Lautenbach, F. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2024-0033 · Cited by 14 · see citing works

Exercise training for patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease

Ingwersen, M., Kunstmann, I., Oswald, C., Best, N., Weisser, B., & Teichgräber, U. K.-M. (2023) · Deutsches Ärzteblatt international · doi:10.3238/arztebl.m2023.0231 · Cited by 12 · see citing works

Elite athletes’ experiences with, and perceptions of nonspecific goals: a qualitative exploration

Williamson, O., Bird, M. D., Bennett, K. J. M., Jackman, P. C., & Swann, C. (2024) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2024.2353686 · Cited by 9 · see citing works

Readiness for competition across sports and genders: a study on psychological skills intervention

Alecu, Ş., & Onea, G. A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1701631 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

A multimodal approach integrating cognitive and motor demands into physical activity for optimal mental health: Methodological issues and future directions

Kao, S., Brush, C. J., & Wang, C. (2024) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2024.05.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Toward a Comprehensive Professional Philosophy in Performance and Well-Being Psychology: Integrating Functional Contextualism and Relational Frame Theory for Esports and Other High-Performance Environments

Horne, G., & Swettenham, L. D. (2024) · Journal of Electronic Gaming and Esports · doi:10.1123/jege.2024-0017 · Cited by 8 · see citing works

Exploring the integration, configuration, and implication of the design process of played-form practice in soccer based on ecological psychology

Petiot, G. H., Nunes, N. A., da Silva, D. C., Coutinho, D., & Aquino, R. (2025) · Football Studies · doi:10.1016/j.footst.2025.100003 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Climate-Related Heat Stress and Psychological Outcomes in Self-Employed Delivery Workers: Evidence from Brasília, Brazil

Rodrigues, C. M. L., & Cruz, L. C. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22111666 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Subjective experience, self-efficacy, and motivation of professional football referees during the COVID-19 pandemic

Richlan, F., Thürmer, J. L., Braid, J., Kastner, P., & Leitner, M. C. (2023) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-023-01720-z · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Effects of tailored interventions for anxiety management in choking-susceptible performing artists: a mixed-methods collective case study

Lubert, V. J., Nordin‐Bates, S. M., & Gröpel, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164273 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Differences in motivational dynamics between experienced cyclists and untrained participants during an incremental endurance exercise task

Wellings, I. G., Ferguson, R. A., & Taylor, I. M. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102753 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Effective, Scalable, and Low Cost: The Use of Teacher‐Made Digital Flashcards Improves Student Learning

Ingebrigtsen, M., Miland, Å. O., Bastesen, J., & Sæle, R. G. (2025) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.70086 · Cited by 7 · see citing works

Mapping 50 Years of Sport Psychology–Performance Meta-Analyses: A PRISMA-ScR Scoping Review

Lochbaum, M. R., & Lane, A. M. (2025) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports13120420 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

“Health is Just the Basic Requirement for Optimal Performance and Winning”: Stakeholders’ Perceptions on Testing and Training in Competitive Alpine Skiing, Snowboarding and Freestyle Skiing

Monsonís, O. B., Balsiger, P., Verhagen, E. A. L. M., Gouttebarge, V., Spörri, J., & Bolling, C. S. (2024) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-024-02106-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Playful sport design and sport engagement: A diary study among amateur athletes

de Vries, J. D., Scharp, Y. S., & Bakker, A. B. (2025) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102953 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Selection of Key Performance Indicators for Your Sport and Program: Proposing a Complementary Process-Driven Approach

Clubb, J., Allen, S. V., & Yung, K. K. (2023) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000813 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Goal-setting practices in sport psychology: An investigation into practitioner experiences

Bird, M. D., McEwan, D., Healy, L. C., & Jackman, P. C. (2024) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2024.2331205 · Cited by 5 · see citing works

SMART goals are no more effective for creative performance than do-your-best goals or non-specific, exploratory ‘open goals’

Pietsch, S., Riddell, H., Semmler, C., Ntoumanis, N., & Gucciardi, D. F. (2024) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2024.2420818 · Cited by 4 · see citing works

Integrating Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) with Psychological Skills Training (PST): a case study

Wood, S., & Turner, M. J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1617548 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

The Impact of Real‐Time Visual Feedback on Maximal Force Output and Reliability During Isometric MidThigh Pull Testing in Resistance‐Trained Men

Stien, N., Sæterbakken, A. H., Andersen, V. S., & Solstad, T. E. J. (2025) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1002/ejsc.70000 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Network analysis of the relationship between stress coping mechanisms and performance in high school women's volleyball competitions

Li, F., & Mao, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1701323 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Effects of a Psychological Intervention Program on Competitive Anxiety and Psychological Profile in Young Soccer Players

González, J. A. D., Reigal, R. E., Morales‐Sánchez, V., & Hernández-Mendo, A. (2024) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/00315125241256410 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

High-level military and sport leaders’ everyday challenges and psychological skills: A cross-contextual repeated measures study

Bencker, A., Larsson, G., Brandebo, M. F., Johnson, U., & Ivarsson, A. (2024) · Military Psychology · doi:10.1080/08995605.2024.2376970 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Evaluating Exercise as Punishment: Insights from the Delphi Method on Philippine School Practices

Tanucan, J. C. M., Wider, W., Lobo, J., Udang, L. N., Sofyan, D., & Jiang, L. (2024) · Physical Culture and Sport Studies and Research · doi:10.2478/pcssr-2025-0003 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Metaphorical Storytelling Within a MAC Intervention for Performance Enhancement: A Case Study

Savardelavar, M., & Collins, D. (2025) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2025.2486972 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Goal setting in youth sport: are we unintentionally contributing to dropout?

Goddard, S. G., Reece, L. J., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-110061 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Psychological Performance Determinants in Wheelchair Basketball: The Roles of Self-Efficacy, Sport-Confidence, and Goal Orientation

Zmora, G., Trowbridge, C. A., & Been, E. (2025) · Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly · doi:10.1123/apaq.2024-0031 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

The interplay of emotional intelligence and mental toughness in amateur soccer: the role of goal commitment

Şekerci, K., Şahbudak, M., & Işıkgöz, M. E. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1670502 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Aim high, hit ×10: psychological strategies driving the success of South Korean archers

Lee, J., & Hwang, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1482897 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

“It’s not handcuffing the athlete to success or failure”: Sport psychology practitioners’ use of nonspecific goals in applied contexts

Williamson, O., Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Bennett, K. J. M., & Bird, M. D. (2025) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2025.2457986 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Integrating Psychology Skills Training (PST) with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Wood, S., & Turner, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2025.2472341 · Cited by 3 · see citing works

Study of Sports Motivation of College Students Using VR and Informational Technologies: Review Article

Wei, W. (2025) · International Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1002/ijop.70093 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Validation of the German basic psychological need satisfaction in sleep scale

Frytz, P., Nikoleizig, L., & Elbe, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1611551 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

What determines performance satisfaction in mountain ultra marathon runners? An exploration of coping, resilience, and mental toughness

Beattie, S., Poretlli, N., & Woodman, T. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2570196 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

The Effect of Goal-Setting on University Students’ Swimming Performance

Mous, A., & Iserbyt, P. (2025) · International Journal of Kinesiology in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/24711616.2025.2583953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Psychological predictors of competitive levels in badminton athletes: a gender-stratified analysis

Wang, Y., Li, Z., Xie, X., Yang, G., Chen, T., & Wang, H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1698010 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Changes in desire-goal motivational conflict predict pacing during an endurance cycling time trial

Wellings, I. G., Ferguson, R. A., & Taylor, I. M. (2026) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2026.103067 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Goal setting for thriving and sustainable success in the performing arts: taking inspiration from nature

Lubert, V. J., & Peters, L. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1738842 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Goal setting as a facilitator of motor learning in postural control task

Akizuki, K., Takeuchi, K., Yamamoto, R., Yamaguchi, K., & Yabuki, J. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-46305-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Feedback focus: An exploration of documented feedback conversations with episodic versus continuous supervisors

Lee, A., Compagna, K., Gerven, P. W. M. V., Heeneman, S., & Ross, S. (2026) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.1080/0142159x.2026.2681190 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Exploring the antecedent factors on competitive advantage: the mediating role of cost information usage in strategic decision-making

Jassem, S. (2026) · Information Discovery and Delivery · doi:10.1108/idd-07-2025-0174 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Modeling organizational commitment as a mediator: path analysis of culture and job satisfaction effects on employee performance

Suarlin, S., Elpisah, E., & Chairuddin, A. (2026) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2026.2677224 · Cited by 2 · see citing works

Mental Skills Training: An Often-Overlooked Aspect of Preparation for Future High-Performing Athletes in Sports Schools

Schröder, S., Stucke, C., Linkohr, T., & Schulz, M. (2026) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs16071109 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Patient-Centred Care in ACL Reconstruction and Meniscus Repair and Rehabilitation

Morris, G. R., Cao, Q. Q., Wang, A., & Yoshida, M. (2024) · Advances in medical technologies and clinical practice book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-1906-2.ch019 · Cited by 1 · see citing works

Increasing App Engagement Behaviors via Goal-Enabling Technology Features: The Role of Goal Difficulty DimensionsPreprint

An, J., Bonfrer, A., & Eckert, C. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3863123

Having a Goal Up Your Sleeve: Promoting a Mastery Climate in a Youth Football Academy Team

Rossing, N. N., Lykkeskov, M., Martin, L. J., & Rasmussen, L. J. T. (2023) · The Sport Psychologist · doi:10.1123/tsp.2021-0207

Implementation of paraprofessional behavior support coaching: A study of behavior concerns and interventions used in elementary schools

Fingerhut, J., Reddy, L. A., Lekwa, A. J., & Dudek, C. M. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23256

Exploring the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic and Social Injustices on Black Student-Athletes

Wallace, B. M. (2024) · doi:10.12794/metadc2415920

Longitudinal Changes in the Acquisition of Life Skills for University Student Judo Athletes

Yamamoto, K., Shimamoto, K., Konno, J., Anai, S., & Horita, Y. (2025) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2025.152018

Internet-based psychological interventions for athletes : a contextual behavioral approach

Reinebo, G. (2025) · doi:10.69622/28387742

Goal-Setting Strategies: A Primer for Sport Coaches

Bird, M. D., Chapman, C., & Jackman, P. C. (2025) · Strategies · doi:10.1080/08924562.2025.2523247

The Effect of Motivational Determinants on Elite Wrestlers’ Intentions to Continue in Sport: The Mediating Role of EnjoymentPreprint

Özkurt, B., & Eskiler, E. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8001495/v1

Beyond the Injury: A Case Report on Psychological Intervention During ACL Rehabilitation in a Professional Futsal Player

Ramos-Pastrana, L. M., Gil-Caselles, L., Barquín, R. R., Giménez‐Egido, J. M., & Zafra, A. O. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23010026

A monetary reward prolongs cycling time-to-task failure without altering performance fatigability and perceptual responses

Trpcic, M., Iannetta, D., Fleitas‐Paniagua, P. R., Azevedo, R. D. A., Aboodarda, S. J., & Murias, J. M. (2026) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00229.2025

Effectiveness of Step Goal Personalization Strategies on Physical Activity in a Mobile Health App: A Field Study

Liu, X., Bijmolt, T. H. A., Leliveld, M. C., & Noppers, E. H. (2026) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/81779

Effects of personalized time-trial goal setting on swimming performance and psychological profiles in competitive swimmers

Ferchichi, N., Amara, S., Aouani, H., Bouassida, A., & van den Tillaar, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2026.1759066

Increasing App Engagement Behaviors via Goal-Enabling Technology Features: The Role of Goal Difficulty Dimensions

An, J., Bonfrer, A., & Eckert, C. (2026) · Journal of Marketing Research · doi:10.1177/00222437261433457

Application of self-monitoring and feedback procedures to improve tumble turns in swimming

Ayvazo, S., & Naveh, M. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2645202

Neurodivergence in Athletics: Perspectives on Coaching an Athlete With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Stanley, C. T. (2026) · Case Studies in Sport and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1123/csspp.2025-0005

Using Nonspecific Goals in Sport: Guidance for Sport Psychology Practitioners

Bird, M. D., Jackman, P. C., Williamson, O., Goddard, S. G., & Swann, C. (2026) · Journal of Sport Psychology in Action · doi:10.1080/21520704.2026.2662222

Process, Performance, and Outcome Goals in Neurointervention Trials: Lessons from Sports Psychology

Pensato, U., & Ospel, J. M. (2026) · Clinical Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00062-026-01663-3

Aufbau und Lenkung von Humanressourcen

Fallgatter, M. J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-51661-1_4

Performance Under Pressure in Sport: A Position Statement from Exercise and Sports Science Australia (ESSA)

Schweickle, M. J., Newcomer, R., Jackman, P. C., MINAHAN, C. L., Moyle, G., Pickering, C., Stewart, D., Vella, S. A., & Swann, C. (2026) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-026-02472-x

Fluency Should Not Be a Goal in Stuttering Therapy

Jackson, E. S. (2026) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2026_jslhr-26-00111

Mental Training Implementation and Perceived Outcomes Among Student-Athletes in Team Sports: Evidence for the Development of a Mental Training Program

Mendoza, D. D. (2026) · QualiSearch Journal of Educational Research and Practice · doi:10.66437/qjerp.v2i5.008

Adapting to Life Contexts: Evaluating the Acquisition and Types of Life Skills

Gomes, A. R., Teixeira, M., Peixoto, A., Fontes, L., Simães, C., & Morais, C. (2026) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc16080230

Performance Strategies for Latin American Dancesport: A Convergent Mixed-Method Design

Cordova, A. J., & Villaganas, E. J. (2026) · Psychology and Education A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.70838/pemj.600509

Psychological skills training for sport-related outcomes: An umbrella review of evidence credibility and methodological quality

Zhao, S., Zhang, X., Liu, Y. C., Liang, Z., Liang, T., Du, S., Iao, C. I., Ng, S., & Ning, Z. (2026) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2026.2715216

What is the relationship between sports psychology and educational attainment: exploring the moderating and the mediating relationship

Ali, J., Saoula, O., Benlahcene, A., Jabeen, S., & Shorouk, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2026.1750942

The Influence of Psychological Skills on Competitive Performance Among Male Ethiopian Premier League Basketball Players

Habdollo, M. T., & Narvaneni, V. (2026) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20261504.12

Effects of psychological interventions on competitive anxiety and athletic performance in golfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Li, L., Zhao, Z., Li, X., & Yi, Y. (2026) · BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1186/s13102-026-01888-2

Applying sport and performance psychology to space exploration: enhancing astronaut training, performance and mission readiness

Caso, S. (2026) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2026.2730159

Psychological safety as a pathway to reducing vulnerabilities under pressure in football: the role of team-based psychological resources

Şenel, E., & Adiloğulları, İ. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2736863

청소년 역도선수의 내면 단련하기 프로그램 개발*

고, 우., & 박, 생. (2026) · 한국체육학회지 · doi:10.23949/kjpe.2026.7.65.4.18

The effects of goal setting in sport: A systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint

Williamson, O., Jackman, P. C., Bennett, K., Swann, C., Bird, M. D., & Goddard, S. G. (2020) · doi:10.17605/osf.io/4rjbe

The effects of goal setting in sport and exercise: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis

Swann, C., Jackman, P. C., Goddard, S. G., Bennett, K., Bird, M. D., & Williamson, O. (2020) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints)

Goal Setting in Sport and Exercise: A Research Synthesis to Resolve the Controversy

Kyllo, L. B., & Landers, D. M. (1995) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.17.2.117 · Cited by 269 · see citing works

Goal setting and performance in sport and exercise settings

Weinberg, R. S. (1994) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/00005768-199404000-00012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works

A review of goal setting theory in sports

Yu, J. (2005) · journal of physical education