CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,661Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 63 of the 63 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys

Open access
Kessler, Ronald C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, Sergio, Alonso, Jordi, Benjet, Corina, Bromet, Evelyn J., Cardoso, Graça, Degenhardt, Louisa, de Girolamo, Giovanni, Dinolova, Rumyana V., Ferry, Finola, Florescu, Silvia, Gureje, Oye, Haro, Josep Maria, Huang, Yueqin, Karam, Elie G., Kawakami, Norito, Lee, Sing, Lepine, Jean-Pierre, Levinson, Daphna, Navarro-Mateu, Fernando, Pennell, Beth-Ellen, Piazza, Marina, Posada-Villa, José, Scott, Kate M., Stein, Dan J., Ten Have, Margreet, Torres, Yolanda, Viana, Maria Carmen, Petukhova, Maria V., Sampson, Nancy A., Zaslavsky, Alan M., Koenen, Karestan C.·2017·European Journal of Psychotraumatology
DOI 10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383PMC PMC5632781
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Background: Although post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) onset-persistence is thought to vary significantly by trauma type, most epidemiological surveys are incapable of assessing this because they evaluate lifetime PTSD only for traumas nominated by respondents as their ‘worst.’Objective: To review research on associations of trauma type with PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) surveys, a series of epidemiological surveys that obtained representative data on trauma-specific PTSD.Method: WMH Surveys in 24 countries (n = 68,894) assessed 29 lifetime traumas and evaluated PTSD twice for each respondent: once for the ‘worst’ lifetime trauma and separately for a randomly-selected trauma with weighting to adjust for individual differences in trauma exposures. PTSD onset-persistence was evaluated with the WHO Composite International Diagnostic Interview.Results: In total, 70.4% of respondents experienced lifetime traumas, with exposure averaging 3.2 traumas per capita. Substantial between-trauma differences were found in PTSD onset but less in persistence. Traumas involving interpersonal violence had highest risk. Burden of PTSD, determined by multiplying trauma prevalence by trauma-specific PTSD risk and persistence, was 77.7 person-years/100 respondents. The trauma types with highest proportions of this burden were rape (13.1%), other sexual assault (15.1%), being stalked (9.8%), and unexpected death of a loved one (11.6%). The first three of these four represent relatively uncommon traumas with high PTSD risk and the last a very common trauma with low PTSD risk. The broad category of intimate partner sexual violence accounted for nearly 42.7% of all person-years with PTSD. Prior trauma history predicted both future trauma exposure and future PTSD risk.Conclusions: Trauma exposure is common throughout the world, unequally distributed, and differential across trauma types with respect to PTSD risk. Although a substantial minority of PTSD cases remits within months after onset, mean symptom duration is considerably longer than previously recognized.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383

Cites

63 of 63 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1. Age-of-onset distributions of trauma exposure in the WMH Surveys.
Figure 1. Age-of-onset distributions of trauma exposure in the WMH Surveys.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2. Speed of recovery of DSM-IV/CIDI PTSD by trauma category in the WMH Surveys.1 1‘Recovery’ was defined as length of time until all symptoms remitted.
Figure 2. Speed of recovery of DSM-IV/CIDI PTSD by trauma category in the WMH Surveys.1 1‘Recovery’ was defined as length of time until all symptoms remitted.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 63 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Kessler R. C., 2008, The WHO World Mental Health Surveys: Global perspectives on the epidemiology of mental disorders
  2. Schaeffer N. C., 2000, The science of self-report: Implications for research and practice, 105
  3. Stein D. J., Mental disorders around the world: Facts and figures from the World Mental Health Surveys

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 901–999 of 999

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Benjet, C., Bromet, E. J., Cardoso, G., Degenhardt, L., de Girolamo, G., Dinolova, R. V., Ferry, F., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Huang, Y., Karam, E. G., Kawakami, N., Lee, S., Lepine, J.-P., Levinson, D., Navarro-Mateu, F., Pennell, B.-E., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., Scott, K. M., Stein, D. J., Ten Have, M., Torres, Y., Viana, M. C., Petukhova, M. V., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Koenen, K. C.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Center for Reducing Health Disparities, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA, USA
  • Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
  • Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz (MX)
  • Stony Brook University (US)
  • Lisbon Institute of Global Mental Health (PT)
  • UNSW Sydney (AU)
  • Unit of Epidemiological and Evaluation Psychiatry, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)-St. John of God Clinical Research Centre, Brescia, Italy
  • National Center of Public Health and Analyses (BG)
  • University of Ulster (GB)
  • National School of Public Health, Management and Professional Development (RO)
  • University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
  • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
  • Peking University (CN)
  • University of Balamand (LB)
  • The University of Tokyo (JP)
  • Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
  • Psychiatrie non sectorisée, Hôpital Lariboisière- Fernand Widal, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
  • Israel Ministry of Health (IL)
  • UDIF-SM, Subdirección General de Planificación, Innovación y Cronicidad, Servicio Murciano de Salud, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERESP-Murcia, Murcia, Spain
  • University of Michigan (US)
  • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia (PE)
  • Colegio Mayor de Cundinamarca University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Bogotá, Colombia
  • University of Otago (NZ)
  • University of Cape Town (ZA)
  • Department of Epidemiology, Trimbos-Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
  • Universidad CES (CO)
  • Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitoria, Brazil
Corresponding author
Kessler, Ronald C.
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Psychotraumatology
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2017-07-31
Volume
8
Issue
sup5
Pages
1353383-1353383
ISSN
2000-8066 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1080/20008198.2017.1353383
PMC
PMC5632781
OpenAlex
W2740846930
Cited by
1,661
References
63
Citations by year
2026: 228 · 2025: 281 · 2024: 239 · 2023: 216 · 2022: 217 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 155 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 2
FWCI
98.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Psychotraumatology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Universidade Nova de Lisboa's Repository (Universidade Nova de Lisboa) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • UNSWorks (University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH093612-01, R01 MH070884, U01-MH60220)
  • National Research Council of Science and Technology (Mexico) (CB-2010-01-155221)
  • Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Grant 044708)
  • U.S. Public Health Service (R01 DA016558, R01-MH069864, R13-MH066849)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma type, interpersonal violence, sexual assault, rape, stalking, intimate partner sexual violence, trauma exposure

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review