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Cited by 581Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchChild Abuse and TraumaMigration, Health and Trauma

Trauma exposure and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the general population

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Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P.‐A., Åberg, L., Fredrikson, M.·2005·Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine the lifetime prevalence of trauma experiences and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHOD: Questionnaire-assessed PTSD, the type of traumatic event experienced, perceived trauma impact, and trauma frequency in 1824 randomly selected men and women. RESULTS: PTSD lifetime prevalence was estimated at 5.6% with a 1 : 2 male-to-female ratio, in spite of men reporting greater trauma exposure. The highest PTSD risk was associated with sexual and physical assault, robbery and multiple trauma experiences. Controlling for trauma type did not account for gender differences, while controlling for experienced distress did. CONCLUSION: The conditional probability for PTSD varied as a function of trauma type, frequency and impact of the event, with increased rates associated with prevalent trauma exposure and higher perceived distress. The latter accounted for the gender effect, suggesting that gender differences in PTSD in part represent a generally greater vulnerability to stress in women.

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  • Prevalence rates for lifetime trauma exposure (e.g., 80.8%) are estimated to be high within the general population.

    “This finding suggests that making all MBPs trauma-inclusive is likely to be more useful than screening out or creating separate trauma-sensitive programs for trauma survivors with PTSD, as prevalence rates for lifetime trauma exposure (e.g., 80.8%) are estimated to be high within the general population [69].”

    From Childhood trauma and subclinical PTSD symptoms predict adverse effects and worse outcomes across two mindfulness-based programs for active depression (2025) · cites this paper as [69]

  • The estimated normal boundary of 3.5 years may be later, possibly even closer to 4 years, if early adversity foreshortens the boundary and some participants had experienced prior adversity.

    “then the estimated normal boundary of 3.5 years may be later, possibly even closer to 4 years.”

    From The Stress Acceleration Hypothesis of Nightmares (2017) · cites this paper as [107]

    The Discussion addresses lifetime trauma exposure and PTSD risk, but does not discuss a normal boundary at 3.5 or 4 years. Searches for that boundary and for early or prior adversity found no passage addressing the proposed adjustment. (LLM, conf=0.76)

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Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Kilpatrick DG, Saunders B, Amick-McMullan AE, Best CL, Veronen LJ, Resnick H. Victim and crime factors associated with the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behav Ther 1989;20:199-214.

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Authors
Frans, Ö., Rimmö, P. ‐., Åberg, L., & Fredrikson, M.
Affiliations
  • Uppsala University (SE)
  • Dalarna University (SE)
Corresponding author
Frans, Ö.
ORCID
Fredrikson, M.
Venue
Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2005-03
Volume
111
Issue
4
Pages
291-290
ISSN
  • 0001-690X (ISSN-L)
  • 1600-0447
DOI
10.1111/j.1600-0447.2004.00463.x
OpenAlex
W2139994007
Cited by
580
References
59
Citations by year
2026: 20 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
FWCI
26.23
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations
  • Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Migration, Health and Trauma
Keywords
post-traumatic stress disorder, trauma exposure, lifetime prevalence, gender differences, sexual assault, physical assault, robbery, polytrauma, perceived distress, general population
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Crime, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Recurrence, Risk, Sex Offenses, Sex Ratio, Statistics as Topic, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Sweden, Violence

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