Who should be prioritised for COVID-19 vaccination?
Open accessAbstract
The development of COVID-19 vaccines is occurring at a rapid pace, with the potential for a vaccine to be available within 6 months. So who should be prioritized for vaccination when in the first instance, there will be insufficient supply to meet demand? There is no doubt that health-care workers in all settings should be vaccinated first, but who comes next will be a complex decision based on local epidemiology, societal values, and the ability of the vaccines to prevent both severe disease and to reduce transmission thereby eliciting herd protection. The decision on who to vaccinate should be equitable, highly contextualized, and based on the property of each vaccine. In some settings, the elderly may be prioritized, in others, it may be the population most likely to get infected and responsible for community spread. To support decision-making on who to be prioritized for vaccination requires urgent additional research on the epidemiology of COVID-19; preexisting immunity and who is responsible for transmission in a variety of settings; the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in children and pregnant women; and determining whether COVID-19 vaccines prevent asymptomatic infection and transmission.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Schools, youth sports, and other community gatherings may represent important sources of ongoing outbreaks and transmission, despite high rates of adult immunization.
“Although children generally have a lower burden of symptomatic Covid-19 than adults, schools, youth sports, and other community gatherings may represent important sources of ongoing outbreaks and transmission, despite high rates of adult immunization.13,14,25”
From Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine in adolescents (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Factors associated with COVID-19-related death using OpenSAFELY
Williamson, E. J., Walker, A. J., Bhaskaran, K., Bacon, S., Bates, C., Morton, C. E., Curtis, H. J., Mehrkar, A., Evans, D., Inglesby, P., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2521-4 · Cited by 6,674 · see citing works
An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 — Preliminary Report
Jackson, L. A., Anderson, E. J., Rouphael, N. G., Roberts, P. C., Makhene, M., Coler, R. N., McCullough, M. P., Chappell, J. D., Denison, M. R., Stevens, L. J., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2022483 · Cited by 3,237 · see citing works
Folegatti, P. M., Ewer, K. J., Aley, P. K., Angus, B., Becker, S., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Bellamy, D., Bibi, S., Bittaye, M., Clutterbuck, E. A., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31604-4 · Cited by 2,419 · see citing works
Nguyen, L. H., Drew, D. A., Graham, M. S., Joshi, A. D., Guo, C., Ma, W., Mehta, R. S., Warner, E. T., Sikavi, D. R., Lo, C., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30164-x · Cited by 2,390 · see citing works
Maringe, C., Spicer, J. F., Morris, M., Purushotham, A. D., Nolte, E., Sullivan, R. J., Rachet, B., & Aggarwal, A. K. (2020) · The Lancet Oncology · doi:10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30388-0 · Cited by 1,811 · see citing works
Roberton, T., Carter, E. D., Chou, V. B., Stegmuller, A. R., Jackson, B. D., Tam, Y., Sawadogo‐Lewis, T., & Walker, N. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30229-1 · Cited by 1,406 · see citing works
Zhu, F.-C., Guan, X.-H., Li, Y.-H., Huang, J.-Y., Jiang, T., Hou, L.-H., Li, J.-X., Yang, B.-F., Wang, L., Wang, W.-J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)31605-6 · Cited by 1,225 · see citing works
Knight, M., Bunch, K. J., Vousden, N., Morris, E., Simpson, N., Gale, C., O’Brien, P., QUIGLEY, M. A., Brocklehurst, P., & Kurinczuk, J. J. (2020) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.m2107 · Cited by 1,171 · see citing works
Ellington, S., Strid, P., Tong, V. T., Woodworth, K., Galang, R. R., Zambrano, L. D., Nahabedian, J., Anderson, K., & Gilboa, S. M. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6925a1 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques
van Doremalen, N., Lambe, T., Spencer, A., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Purushotham, J. N., Port, J. R., Avanzato, V. A., Bushmaker, T., Flaxman, A., Ulaszewska, M., et al. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2608-y · Cited by 914 · see citing works
Holman, N., Knighton, P., Kar, P., O'Keefe, J., Curley, M., Weaver, A., Barron, E., Bakhai, C., Khunti, K., Wareham, N. J., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30271-0 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
Vertical transmission of coronavirus disease 2019: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Kotlyar, A. M., Grechukhina, O., Chen, A., Popkhadze, S., Grimshaw, A. A., Tal, O., Taylor, H. S., & Tal, R. (2020) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.049 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Baqui, P. O., Bica, I., Marra, V., Ercole, A., & van der Schaar, M. (2020) · The Lancet Global Health · doi:10.1016/s2214-109x(20)30285-0 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2
Arvin, A. M., Fink, K., Schmid, M. A., Cathcart, A., Spreafico, R., Havenar-Daughton, C., Lanzavecchia, A., Corti, D., & Virgin, H. W. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2538-8 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
A large COVID-19 outbreak in a high school 10 days after schools’ reopening, Israel, May 2020
Stein‐Zamir, C., Abramson, N., Shoob, H., Libal, E., Bitan, M., Cardash, T., Cayam, R., & Miskin, I. N. (2020) · Eurosurveillance · doi:10.2807/1560-7917.es.2020.25.29.2001352 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Heald-Sargent, T. A., Muller, W. J., Zheng, X., et al. (2020) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.3651 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques
van Doremalen, N., Lambe, T., Spencer, A., Belij-Rammerstorfer, S., Purushotham, J. N., Port, J. R., Avanzato, V., Bushmaker, T., Flaxman, A., Ulaszewska, M., et al. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.13.093195 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
SARS-CoV-2 Transmission and Infection Among Attendees of an Overnight Camp — Georgia, June 2020
Szablewski, C. M., Chang, K. T., Brown, M. M., Chu, V. T., Yousaf, A. R., Anyalechi, N., Aryee, P. A., Kirking, H. L., Lumsden, M., Mayweather, E., et al. (2020) · MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6931e1 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Davies, M. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.07.02.20145185 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
COVID-19 in Africa: Dampening the storm?
Mbow, M., Lell, B., Jochems, S. P., Cisse, B., Mboup, S., Dewals, B. G., Jaye, A., Dieye, A., & Yazdanbakhsh, M. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abd3902 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Serology-informed estimates of SARS-CoV-2 infection fatality risk in Geneva, Switzerland
Perez‐Saez, J., Lauer, S. A., Kaiser, L., et al. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30584-3 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Viner, R., Bonell, C. P., Drake, L., et al. (2020) · Archives of Disease in Childhood · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2020-319963 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Culture-Competent SARS-CoV-2 in Nasopharynx of Symptomatic Neonates, Children, and Adolescents
L’Huillier, A. G., Torriani, G., Pigny, F., Kaiser, L., & Eckerle, I. (2020) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2610.202403 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Inclusion of pregnant women in COVID-19 vaccine development
Heath, P. T., Doaré, K. L., & Khalil, A. A. (2020) · The Lancet Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30638-1 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Ahmed, S. S., Pondo, T., Xing, W., McGee, L., Farley, M. M., Schaffner, W., Thomas, A. R., Reingold, A. L., Harrison, L. H., Lynfield, R., et al. (2019) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciz739 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Can an effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccine be developed for the older population?
Pawelec, G., & Weng, N. (2020) · Immunity & Ageing · doi:10.1186/s12979-020-00180-2 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Moreira, L. P., Watanabe, A. S. A., Camargo, C. N., et al. (2017) · Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses · doi:10.1111/irv.12518 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Neal, E. F. G., Flasche, S., Nguyen, C. D., Ratu, F. T., Dunne, E. M., Koyamaibole, L., Reyburn, R., Rafai, E., Kama, M., Ortika, B. D., et al. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.030 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect and indirect effects of COVID-19 on perinatal outcomes in low- and middle-income countries
Ratu, F. T., Ryan, K., Gidi, N. W., Vereti, I., Girma, T., Oats, J. J. N., Bucens, I. K., Robinson, A., von Mollendorf, C., & Russell, F. M. (2020) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.13156.1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect and indirect effects of COVID-19 on perinatal outcomes in low- and middle-income countries
Ratu, F. T., Ryan, K., Gidi, N. W., Vereti, I., Girma, T., Oats, J. J. N., Bucens, I. K., Robinson, A., von Mollendorf, C., & Russell, F. M. (2021) · Gates Open Research · doi:10.12688/gatesopenres.13156.2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of the BNT162b2 covid-19 vaccine in adolescents
Frenck, R. W., Klein, N. P., Kitchin, N., Gurtman, A., Absalon, J., Lockhart, S., Perez, J. L., Walter, E. B., Senders, S., Bailey, R., et al. (2021) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa2107456 · Cited by 889 · see citing works
- Authors
- Russell, F. M., & Greenwood, B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Russell, Fiona M
- Venue
- Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2020-11-03
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1317-1321
- ISSN
- 2164-5515 (ISSN-L)
- 2164-554X
- PMC
- PMC8078651
- OpenAlex
- W3097697379
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 19
- FWCI
- 1.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Australian National Health and Medical Research Council Investigator grant and The University of Melbourne
- Australian National Health and Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Vaccine Coverage and Hesitancy
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Modeling and Simulation › COVID-19 epidemiological studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 vaccination, vaccine prioritization, vaccine allocation, healthcare workers, herd protection, transmission reduction, vaccine equity, asymptomatic transmission, pre-existing immunity
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Vaccines, Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Vaccination, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review