A pan-cancer analysis of the prognostic and immunological role of β-actin (ACTB) in human cancers
Open accessAbstract
Beta-actin (ACTB), a highly conserved cytoskeleton structural protein, has been regarded as a common housekeep gene and used as a reference gene for years. However, accumulating evidence indicates that ACTB is abnormally expressed in multiple cancers and hence changes the cytoskeleton to affect the invasiveness and metastasis of tumors. This study aimed to investigate the function and clinical significance of ACTB in pan-cancer. The role of ACTB for prognosis and immune regulation across 33 tumors was explored based on the datasets of gene expression omnibus and the cancer genome atlas. Differential expression of ACTB was found between cancer and adjacent normal tissues, and significant associations was found between ACTB expression and prognosis of tumor patients. In most cancers, ACTB expression was associated with immune cells infiltration, immune checkpoints and other immune modulators. Relevance between ACTB and metastasis and invasion was identified in various types of cancers by CancerSEA. Moreover, focal adhesion and actin regulation-associated pathways were included in the functional mechanisms of ACTB. The expression of ACTB was verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Knockdown of ACTB inhibited head and neck squamous carcinoma cell migration and invasion by NF-κB and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. Our first pan-cancer study of ACTB offers insight into the prognostic and immunological roles of ACTB across different tumors, indicating ACTB may be a potential biomarker for poor prognosis and immune infiltration in cancers, and the role of ACTB as a reference gene in cancers was challenged.
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In three breast cancer tissues, H&E regions corresponding to tumor tissue showed high similarity with bulk RNA-seq data from tumor biopsies, which include tumor-related markers such as COL1A1 and ACTB.
“In three breast cancer tissues, H&E regions corresponding to tumor tissue showed high similarity with the bulk RNA-seq data from tumor biopsies, which include tumor-related markers such as COL1A1 (ref. 38) and ACTB39 (Fig. 3b and Supplementary Fig. 5).”
From A visual–omics foundation model to bridge histopathology with spatial transcriptomics (2025) · cites this paper as [39]
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A visual–omics foundation model to bridge histopathology with spatial transcriptomics
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“38) and ACTB 39 (Fig.”
- Authors
- Gu, Y., Tang, S., Wang, Z., Cai, L., Lian, H., Shen, Y., & Zhou, Y.
- Affiliations
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Shen, Yingqiang
- Zhou, Yu
- Venue
- Bioengineered
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 6166-6185
- ISSN
- 2165-5979 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-5987
- PMC
- PMC8806805
- OpenAlex
- W3197498361
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 88
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 6.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Bioengineered (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81771086, 81470747, 81902784)
- College Students’ Innovative Entrepreneurial Training Plan Program (C2021114868)
- CAMS Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences (CIFMS, 2019-I2M-5-004)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Cancer-related molecular mechanisms research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mechanisms of cancer metastasis
- Keywords
- beta-actin, pan-cancer analysis, prognostic factors, tumor immune infiltration, immune checkpoint, metastasis, tumor invasion, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, NF-κB signaling, Wnt/β-catenin signaling, focal adhesions, actin regulation, reference genes, cytoskeleton
- MeSH terms
- Actins, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Male, Neoplasms, Prognosis, Cell Line, Tumor, Gene Knockdown Techniques, Transcriptome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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