Normative data stratified by age and education for a Spanish neuropsychological test battery: Results from the Colombian Alzheimer’s prevention initiative registry
Open accessAbstract
Neuropsychologists continue to face challenges when assessing Spanish-speaking individuals due to limited availability of normative data. We developed comprehensive normative data stratified by age and education for a Spanish neuropsychological test battery used by the Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia (Colombia) and the Colombian Alzheimer's Prevention Initiative Registry, which have followed large families at risk for autosomal-dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) since the 1990s. Approximately 75% of these individuals are cognitively-unimpaired and are not genetically predisposed to develop ADAD. We conducted a retrospective study on neuropsychological evaluations from 2,673 cognitively unimpaired individuals (56% female), with ages ranging from 18 to 86 years and education from 1 to 25 years. Neuropsychological measures included the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Colombia, and other multidomain Spanish tests. We examined associations between age, education, and sex with cognitive performance. Norms stratified by age and education are presented. Cognitive performance showed small associations with age and education and was unrelated to sex. We provided population-based norms for Spanish tests targeting multiple cognitive domains using a large Colombian sample. These normative data may be helpful for the neuropsychological characterization of Spanish speakers from Latin America in clinical and research settings.
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The neuropsychological battery had been adapted and validated to detect Alzheimer's disease-related cognitive impairment in this kindred.
“Neuropsychological assessments were conducted in Spanish with the use of a battery that has been adapted and validated for the detection of Alzheimer’s disease–related cognitive impairment in this kindred”
From <i>APOE3</i> Christchurch Heterozygosity and Autosomal Dominant Alzheimer’s Disease (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Torres, V. L., Vila-Castelar, C., Bocanegra, Y., Baena, A., Guzmán-Vélez, E., Aguirre-Acevedo, D. C., Tirado, V., Munoz, C., Henao, E., Moreno, S., Giraldo, M., Acosta, N., Rios Romenets, S., Langbaum, J. B., Cho, W., Reiman, E. M., Tariot, P. N., Rosselli, M., Quiroz, Y. T., & Lopera, F.
- Affiliations
- Florida Atlantic University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts, USA
- Universidad de Antioquia (CO)
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
- Banner Alzheimer’s Institute (US)
- Genentech (US)
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Quiroz, Yakeel T.
- Lopera, Francisco
- ORCID
- Venue
- Applied Neuropsychology: Adult
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-06-23
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 230-244
- ISSN
- 2327-9095 (ISSN-L)
- 2327-9109
- PMC
- PMC6926163
- OpenAlex
- W2952289547
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Applied Neuropsychology Adult (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Institutional Repository University of Antioquia (University of Antioquia) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repositorio Digital - Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Programa de Sostenibilidad
- NIH (DP5OD019833)
- National Institute on Aging (R01 AG054671 [YTQ], 1RF1AG041705, R01 AG055444 [EMR, PT, FL])
- Massachusetts General Hospital ECOR (1200-228010 [YTQ], 1200-228767 [YTQ])
- Error! Hyperlink reference not valid.
- anonymous Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- reference values, neuropsychological test battery, cognitive performance, Alzheimer's disease, autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease, CERAD
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Alzheimer Disease, Colombia, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reference Values, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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