The DOI matches its Crossref record; 209 of the 210 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Political communication in a high-choice media environment: a challenge for democracy?
Open accessAbstract
During the last decennia media environments and political communication systems have changed fundamentally. These changes have major ramifications for the political information environments and the extent to which they aid people in becoming informed citizens. Against this background, the purpose of this article is to review research on key changes and trends in political information environments and assess their democratic implications. We will focus on advanced postindustrial democracies and six concerns that are all closely linked to the dissemination and acquisition of political knowledge: (1) declining supply of political information, (2) declining quality of news, (3) increasing media concentration and declining diversity of news, (4) increasing fragmentation and polarization, (5) increasing relativism and (6) increasing inequality in political knowledge.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“la evidencia sobre sus efectos en la polarización afectiva es mixta o, en ocasiones, poco concluyente (Aelst et al., 2017;Iyengar et al., 2019).”
From Dieta mediática y polarización afectiva en un sistema mediático pluralista polarizado: un estudio longitudinal de España (2026) · cites this paper as Aelst et al., 2017
In the citing paper
“Users of social media platforms can choose to be exposed to conversations with like-minded users and content that reflects their thinking, thus reinforcing their existing preferences or beliefs [11,12].”
From A systematic review of echo chamber research: comparative analysis of conceptualizations, operationalizations, and varying outcomes (2025) · cites this paper as [11]
Citations
Cites
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511790867 · Cited by 5,986
What Americans Know about Politics and Why It Matters
Carpini, M. X. D., & Keeter, S. (1996) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2655098 · Cited by 4,864
(2011) · Cited by 4,430
Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs
Taber, C. S., & Lodge, M. (2006) · American Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00214.x · Cited by 4,344
(2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-6243 · Cited by 3,575
(1962) · Columbia University Press eBooks · doi:10.7312/grau91070-013 · Cited by 3,328
Digital divide: civic engagement, information poverty, and the Internet worldwide
Tefft, S. (2002) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.40-1165 · Cited by 2,940
Digital Divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide
Norris, P. (2001) · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139164887 · Cited by 2,921
The media and modernity: a social theory of the media
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-0106 · Cited by 2,174
Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x · Cited by 1,940
Research works printed but not linked: 17
- Barber M., 2013, Negotiating agreement in politics, 37
- 10.2307/1558352 · DOI
- Berelson B. R., 1954, Voting
- Blach-Ørsten M., 2016, Politik, 19
- 10.1093/esr/jcq05 · DOI
- Cook T., 1998, Governing with the news
- Davis A., 2014, Political journalism in transition. Western Europe in a comparative perspective, 111
- Ho D. E., 2009, Stanford Law Review, 61, 781
- Lippmann W., 1922, Public Opinion
- Mitchell A., 2016, The modern news consumer
- Papathanasopoulos S., 2011, European media structures, policies and identities
- Patterson T. E., 2013, Informing the news
- Reinemann C., 2016, Comparing political communication, 131
- Spivak C., 2011, American Journalism Review, 32, 38
- Tambini D., 2015, International Journal of Communication, 9, 1400
- Webster J. G., 2007, Media diversity and localism: Meaning and metrics, 309
- Zaller J., 1999, Market Competition and News Quality
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 973
Powell, T. E., Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2020) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161220966730 · Cited by 24
Espeland, E. (2024) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2024.2366338 · Cited by 23
Digital heuristics: How parties strategize political communication in hybrid media environments
Schäfer, A. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211012101 · Cited by 23
Dourado, T., & Salgado, S. (2021) · The Communication Review · doi:10.1080/10714421.2021.1981705 · Cited by 23
Self-citationRueda, M. C., & Goyanes, M. (2022) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849221114948 · Cited by 23
Hameleers, M. (2022) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v10i3.5307 · Cited by 14
Public Sphere in Hybrid Media Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
Peruško, Z. (2021) · Javnost - The Public · doi:10.1080/13183222.2021.1861405 · Cited by 22
Freudenthaler, R., & Weßler, H. (2021) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612211015077 · Cited by 22
Lichtenstein, D., Nitsch, C., & Wagner, A. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2021.1952476 · Cited by 22
Jarren, O., & Fischer, R. (2021) · Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783748912187-365 · Cited by 22
Tran, G. T. C., Nguyen, L. V., Jung, J. J., & Han, J. (2022) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221094587 · Cited by 25
Gruber, J. B. (2022) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612221102058 · Cited by 22
Media Use and Societal Perceptions: The Dual Role of Media Trust
Shehata, A., & Strömbäck, J. (2022) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v10i3.5449 · Cited by 31
Self-citationMetag, J., & Gurr, G. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990221127380 · Cited by 22
The public sphere as a dynamic network
Friemel, T. N., & Neuberger, C. (2023) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtad003 · Cited by 26
Auditing the Biases Enacted by YouTube for Political Topics in Germany
Heuer, H., Hoch, H., Breiter, A., & Theocharis, Y. (2021) · Message Understanding Conference · doi:10.1145/3473856.3473864 · Cited by 19
Measuring fake news acumen using a news media literacy instrument
Nagel, T. W. S. (2022) · Journal of Media Literacy Education · doi:10.23860/jmle-2022-14-1-3 · Cited by 21
Do News Actually “Find Me”? Using Digital Behavioral Data to Study the News-Finds-Me Phenomenon
Haim, M., Breuer, J., & Stier, S. (2021) · Social Media + Society · doi:10.1177/20563051211033820 · Cited by 21
Can we trust measures of trust? a comparison of results from open and closed questions
Brosius, A., Hameleers, M., & van der Meer, T. G. L. A. (2021) · Quality & Quantity · doi:10.1007/s11135-021-01250-3 · Cited by 21
Journalismus und Plattformen als vermittelnde Dritte in der digitalen Öffentlichkeit
Neuberger, C. (2022) · KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie · doi:10.1007/s11577-022-00832-9 · Cited by 22
Lin, H. Y., Wang, Y., & Kim, Y. (2023) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448231168572 · Cited by 22
Why don’t Americans trust university researchers and why it matters for climate change
Alvarez, R. M., Debnath, R., & Ebanks, D. (2023) · PLOS Climate · doi:10.1371/journal.pclm.0000147 · Cited by 24
Expanding peace journalism: A new model for analyzing media representations of immigration
Kalfeli, N., Frangonikolopoulos, C. A., & Gardikiotis, A. (2020) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/1464884920969089 · Cited by 21
Oschatz, C., Maurer, M., & Haßler, J. (2019) · Journal of Science Communication · doi:10.22323/2.18020207 · Cited by 20
Journalists and Editors: Political Proximity as Determinant of Career and Autonomy
Cerón, A., Splendore, S., Hanitzsch, T., & Thurman, N. (2019) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/1940161219862489 · Cited by 20
Revisiting norms of citizenship in times of democratic change
Schnaudt, C., van Deth, J. W., Zorell, C. V., & Theocharis, Y. (2021) · Politics · doi:10.1177/02633957211031799 · Cited by 20
Waeterloos, C., Walrave, M., & Ponnet, K. S. (2021) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448211058701 · Cited by 20
Silber, H., Moy, P., Johnson, T. P., Neumann, R., Stadtmüller, S., & Repke, L. (2022) · Social Science Quarterly · doi:10.1111/ssqu.13218 · Cited by 20
Blassnig, S., Mitova, E., Pfiffner, N., & Reiss, M. V. (2023) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v11i1.6030 · Cited by 20
Vliegenthart, R., Strömbäck, J., Boomgaarden, H. G., Broda, E., Damstra, A., Lindgren, E., Tsfati, Y., & Remoortere, A. V. (2023) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2023.2251444 · Cited by 25
Self-citationHameleers, M. (2020) · International journal of communication · Cited by 20
Haugsgjerd, A., Hesstvedt, S., & Karlsen, R. (2021) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2020.1868633 · Cited by 22
Benson, R. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108886260.007 · Cited by 19
Hindu-Nationalism and Media: Anti-Press Sentiments by Right-Wing Media in India
Bhat, P. (2023) · Journalism & Communication Monographs · doi:10.1177/15226379231201455 · Cited by 21
Media consolidation and news content quality
Garz, M., & Ots, M. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqae053 · Cited by 19
Volodenkov, S. V. (2020) · Outlines of global transformations politics economics law · doi:10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-2-1 · Cited by 19
Gurr, G., & Metag, J. (2021) · International journal of communication · Cited by 19
Marques, F. P. J., & Miola, E. (2021) · Annals of the International Communication Association · doi:10.1080/23808985.2021.1945479 · Cited by 19
Kalogeropoulos, A., Rori, L., & Dimitrakopoulou, D. (2021) · South European Society & Politics · doi:10.1080/13608746.2021.1980941 · Cited by 19
Reinemann, C., Haas, A., & Rieger, D. (2022) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2022-1-132 · Cited by 19
Self-citationOnline and Offline Battles: Usage of Different Political Conflict Frames
van der Goot, E. S., Kruikemeier, S., de Ridder, J., & Vliegenthart, R. (2022) · The International Journal of Press/Politics · doi:10.1177/19401612221096633 · Cited by 20
Building Theory in Political Communication
Wolfsfeld, G., Sheafer, T., & Althaus, S. L. (2022) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197634998.001.0001 · Cited by 20
Self-citationHollowed or redefined? Changing visions of democracy in the political discourse of Law and Justice
Kwiatkowska, A., Muliavka, V., & Plisiecki, H. (2022) · Democratization · doi:10.1080/13510347.2022.2152439 · Cited by 19
Social Media Effects on Public Trust in the European Union
Kiratli, O. (2023) · Public Opinion Quarterly · doi:10.1093/poq/nfad029 · Cited by 15
van Erkel, P. F. A., Aelst, P. V., de Vreese, C. H., Hopmann, D. N., Matthes, J., Stanyer, J., & Corbu, N. (2024) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2024.2321542 · Cited by 24
Self-citationDetection and impact estimation of social bots in the Chilean Twitter network
Mendoza, M., Providel, E., dos Santos, M. L. B., & Valenzuela, S. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-57227-3 · Cited by 22
Knobloch‐Westerwick, S., Liu, L., Hino, A., Westerwick, A., & Johnson, B. K. (2019) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1093/hcr/hqz005 · Cited by 20
Ideological self-selection in online news exposure: Evidence from Europe and the US
Mangold, F., Schoch, D., & Stier, S. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adg9287 · Cited by 24
Eimhjellen, I. (2018) · Nonprofit and civil society studies · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-98717-0_6 · Cited by 18
COVID-19 and Populism: A Sui Generis Crisis
Bobba, G., & Hubé, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66011-6_1 · Cited by 18
Self-citationLindgren, E., Damstra, A., Strömbäck, J., Tsfati, Y., Vliegenthart, R., & Boomgaarden, H. G. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003111474-10 · Cited by 18
Self-citationKümpel, A. S. (2020) · Medien & Kommunikationswissenschaft · doi:10.5771/1615-634x-2020-1-2-11 · Cited by 25
Casero-Ripollés, A. (2020) · Comunicação & Educação · doi:10.11606/issn.2316-9125.v25i1p109-129 · Cited by 18
We Talk about the “Others” and You Listen Closely
Kluknavská, A., & Hruška, M. (2018) · Problems of Post-Communism · doi:10.1080/10758216.2018.1500861 · Cited by 18
Manavopoulos, V., Triga, V., Marschall, S., & Wurthmann, L. C. (2018) · Statistics Politics and Policy · doi:10.1515/spp-2018-0008 · Cited by 17
How News Audiences Allocate Trust in the Digital Age: A Figuration Perspective
Mangold, F., Bachl, M., & Prochazka, F. (2022) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990221100515 · Cited by 17
Carbone, M., Soroka, S., & Dunaway, J. (2024) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2024.2310672 · Cited by 19
Andersen, K. V., & Hopmann, D. N. (2018) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2018.1478917 · Cited by 17
Self-citationCowburn, M., & Knüpfer, C. B. (2023) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688231157579 · Cited by 19
The American Viewer: Political Consequences of Entertainment Media
Kim, E., & Patterson, S. (2024) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055424000728 · Cited by 16
Truthfulness, pluralism and the ethics of democratic representation
Bellamy, R., & Kröger, S. (2024) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/13691481241287185 · Cited by 16
Stark, B., & Magin, M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-27711-6_18 · Cited by 16
Olsen, R. K., Solvoll, M. K., & Futsæter, K.-A. (2022) · Journalism and Media · doi:10.3390/journalmedia3010014 · Cited by 18
Impact of News Overload on Social Media News Curation: Mediating Role of News Avoidance
Zhang, X., Akhter, S., Nassani, A. A., & Haffar, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.865246 · Cited by 20
Fake News e o Repertório Contemporâneo de Ação Política
Mendonça, R. F., Freitas, V. G., Aggio, C. D. O., & Santos, N. (2022) · Dados · doi:10.1590/dados.2023.66.2.301 · Cited by 28
Lee, E. H., Lee, T., & Lee, B. (2022) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/14614448221130955 · Cited by 16
Bos, L., Egelhofer, J. L., & Lecheler, S. K. (2023) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/00936502231178432 · Cited by 24
Klein, M., Magin, M., Riedl, A. A., Udris, L., & Stark, B. (2023) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2023.2278044 · Cited by 16
Hameleers, M. (2024) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1093/joc/jqae045 · Cited by 28
Olsen, R. K. (2019) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2019.1679029 · Cited by 16
Jahng, M. R., Stoycheff, E., & Rochadiat, A. M. P. (2021) · Mass Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/15205436.2020.1870143 · Cited by 18
Kluknavská, A., & Eisele, O. (2021) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2021.2020322 · Cited by 14
Risk perception, affect, and information avoidance during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election
Moon, W.-K., Kahlor, L. A., Yang, J. Z., & Lim, H. S. (2022) · Journal of Risk Research · doi:10.1080/13669877.2022.2038247 · Cited by 15
Bauschke, R., & Jäckle, S. (2023) · Policy & Internet · doi:10.1002/poi3.335 · Cited by 15
Making it Fit: How Science News Gets Remediated for Facebook and Instagram
Verstappen, M., & Opgenhaffen, M. (2023) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2023.2263799 · Cited by 15
The shift to authenticity: a framework for analysis of political truth claims
Sorensen, L., & Krämer, B. (2024) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtae013 · Cited by 11
Picture Power? The Contribution of Visuals and Text to Partisan Selective Exposure
Powell, T. E., van der Meer, T. G. L. A., & Brenes-Peralta, C. (2019) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v7i3.1991 · Cited by 15
User Behavior and Awareness of Filter Bubbles in Social Media
Plettenberg, N., Nakayama, J., Belavadi, P., Halbach, P., Burbach, L., Valdez, A. S. C., & Ziefle, M. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-49907-5_6 · Cited by 15
Rasul, M. E., Ahmed, S., Cho, J., & Gil‐López, T. (2025) · Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media · doi:10.1080/08838151.2025.2495803 · Cited by 19
Effects of News Factors on Users’ News Attention and Selective Exposure on a News Aggregator Website
Engelmann, I., Luebke, S. M., & Kessler, S. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2021.1889395 · Cited by 11
Improving media trust research through better measurement: An item response theory perspective
Mangold, F. (2023) · Journal of Trust Research · doi:10.1080/21515581.2023.2229791 · Cited by 14
The Battle for Truth: Mapping the Network of Information War Experts in the Czech Republic
Rychnovská, D., & Kohút, M. (2018) · New Perspectives · doi:10.1177/2336825x1802600304 · Cited by 14
Differenzierung und Institutionalisierung des Medien- und Kommunikationssystems
Donges, P., & Jarren, O. (2020) · MedienJournal · doi:10.24989/medienjournal.v43i3.1831 · Cited by 14
The Effects of the COVID-19 Outbreak on Selective Exposure: Evidence from 17 Countries
Zoizner, A., Sheafer, T., Castro, L., Aalberg, T., Cardenal, A. S., Corbu, N., de Vreese, C. H., Esser, F., Hopmann, D. N., Koç-Michalska, K., et al. (2022) · Political Communication · doi:10.1080/10584609.2022.2107745 · Cited by 15
Self-citationMapping and Explaining Media Quality: Insights from Switzerland’s Multilingual Media System
Udris, L., Eisenegger, M., Vogler, D., Schneider, J., & Häuptli, A. (2020) · Media and Communication · doi:10.17645/mac.v8i3.3140 · Cited by 14
Hansson, S., & Kröger, S. (2020) · The British Journal of Politics and International Relations · doi:10.1177/1369148120974009 · Cited by 16
Understanding Which Factors Promote Exposure to Online Disinformation
Rodríguez-Pérez, C., & Garcia-Vargas, G. (2021) · Politics of Disinformation · doi:10.1002/9781119743347.ch13 · Cited by 8
Welfare states, media ownership and attitudes towards redistribution
Neimanns, E. (2021) · Journal of European Public Policy · doi:10.1080/13501763.2021.1986117 · Cited by 13
Excluding and Including: News Tailoring Strategies in an Era of News Overload
Lor, Z., Oh, H. J., & Choi, J. (2022) · Digital Journalism · doi:10.1080/21670811.2022.2048187 · Cited by 15
Telling a Different Story: A Longitudinal Investigation of News Diversity in Four Countries
Vries, E. D., Vliegenthart, R., & Walgrave, S. (2022) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2022.2111323 · Cited by 13
Disinformation and the Brussels bubble: EU correspondents’ concerns and competences in a digital age
Lecheler, S. K., Gattermann, K., & Aaldering, L. (2023) · Journalism · doi:10.1177/14648849231188259 · Cited by 13
Hasebrink, U., Merten, L., & Behre, J. (2023) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/qtad005 · Cited by 16
Vogler, D., Rauchfleisch, A., & Schwaiger, L. (2023) · International Journal of Public Opinion Research · doi:10.1093/ijpor/edad044 · Cited by 13
Tulin, M., Hameleers, M., de Vreese, C. H., Opgenhaffen, M., & Wouters, F. (2024) · Journalism Practice · doi:10.1080/17512786.2024.2311311 · Cited by 16
Link, E. (2024) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2024.2312611 · Cited by 13
Phillips, J. B., Carson, A., & Jackman, S. D. (2024) · Australian Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1080/10361146.2024.2409113 · Cited by 23
Beyond time delays: how web scraping distorts measures of online news consumption
Ulloa, R., Mangold, F., Schmidt, F., Gilsbach, J. M., & Stier, S. (2025) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2025.2482538 · Cited by 16
Regierungskommunikation im Wandel – Politikwissenschaftliche Perspektiven
Borucki, I. R., & Jun, U. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-20589-8_3 · Cited by 13
Andersen, K., & Strömbäck, J. (2021) · International journal of communication · Cited by 13
Self-citationBobba, G., & Hubé, N. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-66011-6_10 · Cited by 13
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Van Aelst, P., Strömbäck, J., Aalberg, T., Esser, F., de Vreese, C., Matthes, J., Hopmann, D., Salgado, S., Hubé, N., Stępińska, A., Papathanassopoulos, S., Berganza, R., Legnante, G., Reinemann, C., Sheafer, T., & Stanyer, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of Vienna (AT)
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (FR)
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań (PL)
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (ES)
- University of Pavia (IT)
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)
- Loughborough University (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Annals of the International Communication Association
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2017-01-02
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-27
- ISSN
- 2380-8977 (ISSN-L)
- 2380-8985
- OpenAlex
- W2563852632
- Cited by
- 974
- References
- 210
- Citations by year
- 2026: 94 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 123 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 143 · 2021: 132 · 2020: 104 · 2019: 79 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 11
- FWCI
- 148.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- handle.uba.uva.nl
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Annals of the International Communication Association (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- BIBSYS Brage (BIBSYS (Norway)) (submittedVersion)
- Loughborough University Institutional Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Loughborough University Research Repository (Loughborough University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Communication › News Media Framing and Political Communication
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Media Influence and Politics
- Social Sciences › Communication › Social Media and Politics
- Keywords
- political communication, political information environment, democracy, political knowledge, news quality, media concentration, news diversity, media fragmentation, political polarization, relativism, citizen information
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review