The DOI matches its Crossref record; 96 of the 97 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
In Vitro Methods of Assay of Antioxidants: An Overview
Abstract
With the current upsurge of interest in the function, measurement of efficacy and use of natural antioxidants, testing of antioxidant activity has received much attention. Several methods are being used, both in vitro and in vivo, to determine the antioxidant activity of natural antioxidants. Although, there is a great multiplicity of the methods used for the determination of antioxidant activity, there is no approved standardized in vitro method to evaluate the antioxidants of interest. This article presents a critical review of the various in vitro methods used for the determination of antioxidant activity and their merits and limitations.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Therefore, and based on their mode of action, the antioxidants can be classified as primary, secondary or co-antioxidants.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“This can be performed by deactivating high energy species (singlet oxygen); absorbing UV light; scavenging of oxygen; chelating metal that catalyses free radical reaction, or inhibiting enzymes, such as peroxidases, NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, among other oxidative enzymes [28].”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Secondary anti-oxidants react with the initiating radicals (or inhibit the initiating enzymes), or reduce the oxygen level (without generating reactive radical species).”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
In the citing paper
“Primary antioxidants are able to donate a hydrogen atom rapidly to a lipid radical, forming a new radical, which is more stable.”
From Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of Essential Oils: A Short Review (2010) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A. R., Pannala, A. S., Yang, M. H., & Rice-Evans, C. A. (1999) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00315-3 · Cited by 26,986
Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995) · LWT - Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/s0023-6438(95)80008-5 · Cited by 25,994
The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay
Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. (1996) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0292 · Cited by 23,027
Free radicals in biology and medicine
Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1991) · General Pharmacology The Vascular System · doi:10.1016/0306-3623(91)90478-o · Cited by 17,178
Prieto, P., Pineda, M., & Aguilar, M. R. (1999) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1999.4019 · Cited by 6,232
[1] Role of free radicals and catalytic metal ions in human disease: An overview
Halliwell, B., & Gutteridge, J. M. C. (1990) · Methods in Enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(90)86093-b · Cited by 4,994
Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine
Land, E. J. (1990) · International Journal of Radiation Biology · doi:10.1080/09553009014552071 · Cited by 4,871
Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. (1999) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(99)99005-5 · Cited by 3,940
Miller, N. J., Rice-Evans, C. A., Davies, M. J., Gopinathan, V., & Milner, A. D. (1993) · Clinical Science · doi:10.1042/cs0840407 · Cited by 3,108
Ou, B., Hampsch‐Woodill, M., & Prior, R. L. (2001) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jf010586o · Cited by 2,936
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Simic M.G., 1988, Basic Life Sc., 49, 1
- Niki E., 1987, Kassei Sanso (active oxygen)
- Wasserman H.H., 1979, Singlet oxygen
- Halliwell B., 1992, J. Lab Clin. Med., 119, 598
- Singh R.P., 2004, J. Ind. Acad. Clin. Med., 5, 218
- Murthy M.R.V., 2001, Mitochondrial Ubiquinone (Coenzyme Q-10), 231
- Pryor, W. A. 1994.Natural antioxidants in human health and disease, Edited by: Frei, B. 1–62. London: Academic Press.
- Contreras-Guzman E.S., 1982, JAOAC, 65, 1215
- Wasek M., 2001, Acta. Poloniae. Pharma. Centica., 58, 283
- Buijnsters M., 2001, Anal. Sci., 17, 33
- Arnao M.B., 1998, Recent Res. Devel. in Agri. and Food Chem., 2, 893
- Rice-Evans C.A., 2000, Free Rad. Res., 33, 559
- Beuge J.A., 1978, Meth. Enzymol., 52, 306
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–182 of 182
Shi, C., Long, H., Hu, J., & Guo, X. (2024) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox13080956 · Cited by 8
Screening procedures and tests for antioxidants
Borlinghaus, J., Reiter, J., Ries, M. D., & Gruhlke, M. C. H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815972-9.00037-8 · Cited by 8
Polyphenol Purification by Solid Support-Free Liquid–Liquid Chromatography (CCC, CPC)
Hubert, J., Plé, K., Hamzaoui, M., & Renault, J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22144-6_189 · Cited by 8
Díaz‐Bandera, D., Villanueva‐Carvajal, A., Dublán‐García, O., Quintero‐Salazar, B., & López, A. D. (2013) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.12199 · Cited by 8
Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity Level in Commercial Mexican Lager Beers
Niño‐Medina, G., Romo-Longoria, J. D., Ramírez-González, I. V., Martínez-Reyna, O. O., & Urías-Orona, V. (2017) · Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists · doi:10.1094/asbcj-2017-2751-01 · Cited by 8
Ahmad, F. M., Zafar, A., Ahmed, M., Akhtar, N., Hasan, M. M., Abdel-Maksoud, M. A., & Aufy, M. (2023) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2023.105628 · Cited by 7
Phytochemical Properties of Some Mulberry Genotypes Grown in Malatya Province
YAMAN, R. (2021) · Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.29133/yyutbd.785270 · Cited by 7
In Vitro Antioxidant activity of Butea monosperma Flowers Fractions
Jamkh, P. G., Patil, P. H., & Tidke, P. S. (2013) · International Journal of Drug Development and Research · Cited by 7
Lee, H. Y., Shin, Y. M., Hwang, C. E., Lee, B. W., Kim, H. T., Ko, J. M., Baek, I. Y., An, M. J., Choi, J. S., Seo, W. T., et al. (2014) · Journal of Agriculture & Life Science · doi:10.14397/jals.2014.48.5.139 · Cited by 7
Zelaya, V. M., Fernández, P. V., & Ciancia, M. (2024) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.139761 · Cited by 6
Kuila, A., Maity, R., Acharya, P., Sarkar, T. K., Bhakat, A., Brandão, P., Pattanayak, S., Maity, T., Dalai, S., Sarkar, K., et al. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c05824 · Cited by 6
Thatsanasuwan, N., Srichamnong, W., Chupeerach, C., Kriengsinyos, W., & Suttisansanee, U. (2015) · Cited by 6
Yan, G., Zhou, Y., Hu, Y., Zhao, L., & Wang, W. (2020) · Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology · doi:10.1080/10826068.2020.1836653 · Cited by 6
Mushtaq, A., Masoodi, M. H., Wali, A. F., & Ganai, B. A. (2016) · Free Radicals and Antioxidants · doi:10.5530/fra.2017.1.14 · Cited by 6
Munankarmi, N. N., Shyaula, S. L., Timilsina, P. M., Chaudhary, S., & Gauchan, D. P. (2025) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122067 · Cited by 5
Sheikh, S. A., Manasa, V., Daga, P., & Tumaney, A. W. (2025) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-024-06164-0 · Cited by 4
Li, C., Wu, H., Masisi, K., Malunga, L. N., & Song, Y. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812780-3.00026-x · Cited by 4
Platzer, M., Kiese, S., Asam, T., Schneider, F., Tybussek, T., Herfellner, T., Schweiggert‐Weisz, U., & Eisner, P. (2022) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10071281 · Cited by 6
da Silva, J. D. F., Breda, F. C., Ribeiro, L. C., de Lima, J. A., Berretta, A. A., Prestes, O. D., Zanella, R., Cichoski, A. J., & Mello, R. D. O. (2025) · Food Chemistry Advances · doi:10.1016/j.focha.2025.100985 · Cited by 4
Sánchez-Guillén, M. M., García-Moreno, M. V., Guillén-Sánchez, D. A., & Barroso, C. G. (2016) · Food Analytical Methods · doi:10.1007/s12161-016-0667-3 · Cited by 4
Antioxidant Activity of Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ruditapes philippinarum
Çolakoğlu, S., Türker, G., AK, İ., & Çolakoğlu, F. A. (2019) · Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology · doi:10.24925/turjaf.v7isp1.150-153.2790 · Cited by 4
Ali, M. E., Jaber, A., DORRA, Z., Riachy, M. E., Ibrahim, G., & Cheble, E. (2021) · Journal of Apitherapy and Nature · doi:10.35206/jan.828140 · Cited by 5
Hikmawanti, N. P. E., Fatmawati, S., Arifin, Z., Cahyaningrum, N., & Arif Fauzan, M. (2021) · Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research · doi:10.7454/psr.v8i3.1103 · Cited by 4
Advances in antioxidant activity analysis for food application
Ramani, P., Rajendran, G., & Rajendran, A. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15386-0.00001-1 · Cited by 4
Bouzid, K., & Toumi, F. B. (2014) · Phytothérapie · doi:10.1007/s10298-014-0884-4 · Cited by 4
THE SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF SELECTED HERBS IN VISION-PRO™ UV-VIS
Ferysiuk, K., & Wójciak, K. M. (2019) · Applied Computer Science · doi:10.35784/acs-2019-29 · Cited by 4
du Preez, R., Mwila, T., Efuntayo, A., & Olateju, O. I. (2025) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-025-01668-w · Cited by 3
Biomarker potential of total antioxidant capacity in pesticide toxicology: a scoping review
Jena, P., & Prusty, B. A. K. (2026) · Toxin Reviews · doi:10.1080/15569543.2025.2610781 · Cited by 3
Phytoconstituents profiling and antioxidant potential of Wrightia tinctoria R. Br.
Rajkumar, S., Sathyaprabha, G., & Mathanmohun, M. (2023) · Current Botany · doi:10.25081/cb.2023.v14.8228 · Cited by 3
Hikmawanti, N. P. E., Sherley, & Agustin, M. (2023) · Revista Vitae · doi:10.17533/udea.vitae.v30n2a349405 · Cited by 3
Salehi, M., Hatamzadeh, A., Jafarian, V., & Zarré, S. (2019) · Horticulture Environment and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s13580-018-0109-9 · Cited by 3
Darijani, M. H., Aminzadeh, A., Rahimi, H. R., Mandegary, A., Heidari, M. R., Karami‐Mohajeri, S., & Jafari, E. (2023) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.149168 · Cited by 2
Hydrogen, protons and electrons: Rationalizing in vitro antioxidant assay selection
Khankal, S., & Prabhu, A. (2026) · Results in Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.rechem.2026.103565 · Cited by 2
Agustinelli, S. P., Ciannamea, E. M., Ruseckaite, R. A., & Martucci, J. F. (2022) · Journal of Food Processing and Preservation · doi:10.1111/jfpp.16613 · Cited by 2
McIntyre, K., Luu, A., Sun, C., Brown, D., Lui, E. M. K., & Arnason, J. T. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7299-6_7 · Cited by 2
The Effects of Concentration Ratios on the Particle Size of CHI-ALG-CaCl2 Nanocarriers
Jalani, R. I., & Edros, R. Z. (2020) · IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/991/1/012121 · Cited by 2
ATIVIDADES BIOLÓGICAS DE XILANA DE SABUGO DE MILHO
Silveira, R. F. D. M. (2010) · Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT) · Cited by 2
Protein conversion factor and antioxidant capacityof isoflavones in Glycine max
de Trujillo, U. N., Venegas-Casanova, E. A., Gavídia-Valencia, J. G., de Trujillo, U. N., Curo-Vallejos, Y. F., de Trujillo, U. N., Rios, M., de Chile, U. D. S., Chávez-Abanto, L. A., de Trujillo, U. N., et al. (2023) · Boletin Latinoamericano y del Caribe de plantas Medicinales y Aromaticas · doi:10.37360/blacpma.23.22.5.47 · Cited by 1
Liu, B., & Luo, H. (2023) · Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology · doi:10.1166/jbn.2023.3713 · Cited by 1
Designing of an Oat-Mango Molded Snack with Feasible Nutritional and Nutraceutical Properties
Aviles-Rivera, Y. A., Valdez-Torres, J. B., Campos-Sauceda, J. P., Heredia, J. B., Hinojosa-Gómez, J., & Muy‐Rangel, M. D. (2024) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods13213402 · Cited by 1
Liu, X., Liu, Y., Liu, M., Xing, J., Wang, Y., Sheng, P., Ge, G., Jia, Y., & Wang, Z. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12122517 · Cited by 1
Fruit quality of new strawberry cultivars in Montenegro
Radović, A., Zejak, D., Radović, I., Marjanović, M., & Spalevıć, V. (2025) · Advanced technologies · doi:10.5937/savteh2501005r · Cited by 1
Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhang, T., Wang, C., Bi, W., Wu, Y., Liu, P., & Wang, X. (2025) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202500985 · Cited by 1
In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Antioxidant Capacity
Luke, R. B., Reshma, J. S., Ajith, V., Gupta, S., Patel, M., Sivasankar, J., Priscilla, S., Mohideen, S. S., & Mohamed, S. B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-3758-7_6 · Cited by 1
Kırım, B., Yavaşer, R., Aksel, M., Özmen, A., Poyrazoğlu, E., Emirdağ, S., Bıyık, H. H., Karagözler, A. A., Demirkaya, İ., & Babahan, İ. (2026) · International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences · doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.3.5 · Cited by 1
CAPACIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E ESTABILIDADE LIPÍDICA DO OVO DURANTE O PROCESSAMENTO E ESTOCAGEM
de Carvalho, M. G., & Filho, A. T. (2013) · Cited by 1
Ciuffreda, P., Brizzolari, A., Casati, S., Eberini, I., Palazzolo, L., Parravicini, C., & Santaniello, E. (2016) · ARKIVOC · doi:10.3998/ark.5550190.p009.690 · Cited by 1
Gac Aril Processing Technology
Kha, T. C., & Nguyen, M. H. (2022) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781789247329.0004 · Cited by 1
Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-obesity potential of Sargassum extracts
Chen, Y., Huang, Y.-W., Shen, T.-Y., Wu, C., Wang, J., & Hsieh, S. (2023) · Journal of Food Science and Technology · doi:10.1007/s13197-023-05707-1 · Cited by 1
Tung, N. X., Hải, N. T., Hong, L. T., Anh, N. T. V., & Le, H. L. (2023) · VNU Journal of Science Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4530 · Cited by 1
Application of essential oils as antioxidant agents
Adetuyi, B. O., Odelade, K. A., Olajide, P. A., Toloyai, P.-E. Y., Omowumi, O. S., Adetunji, C. O., Adetunji, J. B., Popoola, O. A., Godwin, Y. D., Kolawole, O. M., et al. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-98340-2.00004-3 · Cited by 2
Antioxidant effects of medicinal plants with applicability in Oro-Dental Medicine
BORCĂ, M. A., Borcă, A., Romila, L. E., Ciobica, A. S., Mavroudis, I. A., Tomida, M., Iordache, A., Petroaie, A. D., & Forna, N. C. (2024) · Romanian Journal of Oral Rehabilitation · doi:10.62610/rjor.2024.2.16.28 · Cited by 1
Lee, K. J., Shin, M., Cho, G., Lee, G.-A., Ma, K., Chung, J., & Lee, J. R. (2018) · Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture · doi:10.12719/ksia.2018.30.4.357 · Cited by 1
Mangum, C. L., Munford, M. B., Sam, A. B., Young, S. K., Beales, J. T., Subedi, Y. P., Mangum, C. D., Allen, T., Liddell, M. S., Merrell, A. I., et al. (2019) · Tetrahedron Letters · doi:10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.151360 · Cited by 1
The effect of Indian cooking style on the nutritional and anti-nutritional properties of spinach
Das, K. (2011) · Cited by 1
Antioxidant and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory activities from bovine serum albumin.
Alansari, W. S. (2016) · Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) · Cited by 1
Ji, W., Li, Z., Gu, L., Zou, X., Wu, J., Zhang, S., & Deng, H. X. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4186533 · Cited by 1
Effect of Ultrasound on the Rate of Antioxidant Extraction from Anethum graveolens
Hojjatizadeh, A., Tajalli, F., Sani, A. M., & Branch, Q. (2014)
Roya, A., Nooredin, N., & Ebrahimzadeh, M. A. (2013)
Moreira, F. A. (2019) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2019.tde-05032020-091446
Shabaani, M., Rahaiee, S., & Zare, M. (2020) · journal of ilam university of medical sciences · doi:10.29252/sjimu.28.5.21
Physicochemical Properties and Biological Activities of Black Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Shoot
Cho, K. M., Jeong, S. H., & Seo, W. T. (2015) · Journal of Agriculture & Life Science · doi:10.14397/jals.2015.49.1.189
KOŞAR, D., Ilgın, M., & Durmaz, G. (2021) · Türk Tarım ve Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi · doi:10.30910/turkjans.950875
Saonere, J. A., Channawar, M. A., & Deore, S. L. (2022) · Free Radicals and Antioxidants · doi:10.5530/fra.2022.1.6
ICH Validation of DPPH Assay Method: Some Interesting Medicinal Drugs
Babili, F. E., Linda-Mweze, N., Vincent, C., Laleman, R., & Hourugou, A. (2020) · Eurasian Journal of Science and Engineering · doi:10.23918/eajse.v6i2p117
Ferreira, J. P. A., Tkacz, K., Turkiewicz, I. P., Santos, M. I., Belas, A., Lima, A., Wojdyło, A., & de Sousa, I. M. N. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2861199/v1
Tao, Z., Huang, T., Pei, Y., Wang, M., & Peng, Q. (2023) · ACS Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acsfoodscitech.3c00083
Anh, N. T. V., Tùng, B. T., & Le, H. L. (2023) · VNU Journal of Science Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4553
Thuong, B. T., Bình, N. T. T., Hải, N. T., Ngan, D. T., Tu, V. T., Tung, N. X., & Yen, N. T. H. (2024) · VNU Journal of Science Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.25073/2588-1132/vnumps.4685
Blood erythrocytes – a biological model for evaluating antioxidant activity of chemical compounds
Шевченко, О. Г. (2024) · Биоорганическая химия · doi:10.31857/s0132342324060026
Khan, M. Z. H., Rokonuzzaman, M., Ali, M. S., Alam, M., Tayef, M. M. H., & Nabi, S. M. N. (2025) · Academic International Journal of Engineering Science · doi:10.59675/e321
Quantifying antioxidant activity of hydrophobic compounds using metal-mediated DNA damage
Gaertner, A. A. E., Perron, N. R., Anderholm, H. M. G., Whitehead, D. C., & Brumaghim, J. L. (2025) · Frontiers in Chemical Biology · doi:10.3389/fchbi.2025.1677610
Mousavi, M. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/89ddb033z7f04z4412z874ez95bf75044d6c
Dulay, R. M. R., Llorando, A. M., Miguel, N. I. S., Rivera, K., de Castro, M. E. G., & Abdullah, S. (2026) · Studies in Fungi · doi:10.48130/sif-0026-0028
Metadata
- Authors
- Singh, S., & Singh, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Central Food Technological Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Singh, R.P.
- ORCID
- Singh, R.P.
- Venue
- Food Reviews International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2008-09-16
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 392-415
- ISSN
- 1525-6103 (ISSN-L)
- 8755-9129
- OpenAlex
- W2023983537
- Cited by
- 182
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 3.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Food Reviews International (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Division of Human Resource Development
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activities
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry (medical) › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Organic Chemistry › Free Radicals and Antioxidants
- Keywords
- antioxidant activity, in vitro antioxidant assay, natural antioxidants, method comparison, methodological limitations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review