Cited by 471Metabolism, Diabetes, and CancerPancreatic function and diabetesCellular transport and secretion

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The cell biology of systemic insulin function

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Tokarz, Victoria L., MacDonald, Patrick E., Klip, Amira·2018·Journal of Cell Biology

DOI 10.1083/jcb.201802095PMC PMC6028526

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Abstract

Insulin is the paramount anabolic hormone, promoting carbon energy deposition in the body. Its synthesis, quality control, delivery, and action are exquisitely regulated by highly orchestrated intracellular mechanisms in different organs or “stations” of its bodily journey. In this Beyond the Cell review, we focus on these five stages of the journey of insulin through the body and the captivating cell biology that underlies the interaction of insulin with each organ. We first analyze insulin’s biosynthesis in and export from the β-cells of the pancreas. Next, we focus on its first pass and partial clearance in the liver with its temporality and periodicity linked to secretion. Continuing the journey, we briefly describe insulin’s action on the blood vasculature and its still-debated mechanisms of exit from the capillary beds. Once in the parenchymal interstitium of muscle and adipose tissue, insulin promotes glucose uptake into myofibers and adipocytes, and we elaborate on the intricate signaling and vesicle traffic mechanisms that underlie this fundamental function. Finally, we touch upon the renal degradation of insulin to end its action. Cellular discernment of insulin’s availability and action should prove critical to understanding its pivotal physiological functions and how their failure leads to diabetes.

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Background

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Background
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BackgroundInfluential
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Background
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BackgroundSelf-citation
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Influential
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“Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and insufficient insulin secretion, and type 1 diabetes mellitus, characterized by absolute insulin deficiency (Tokarz et al., 2018; Ruegsegger et al., 2018).”
Background
Antidiabetic properties of oral treatment of hexane and chloroform fractions of Morus nigra leaves in streptozotocin-induced rats
SILVA, D. H. A. D., BARBOSA, H. M., SILVA, J. F. D., Moura, C. A., Gomes, D. A., Almeida, J. R. G. D. S., & Lira, E. C. (2021) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202120210744 · Cited by 13
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“Under normal conditions, onethird of the glucose in the portal vein is taken up by the liver, and the rest of it is delivered to the rest of the body through arterial blood (17).”
Background
Dynamic interplay between AfadinS1795 phosphorylation and diet regulates glucose homeostasis in obese mice
Tozzi, M., Brown, E. L., Petersen, P. S. S., Lundh, M., Isidor, M. S., Plucińska, K., Nielsen, T. S., Agueda‐Oyarzabal, M., Small, L., Treebak, J. T., et al. (2021) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp281657 · Cited by 5
“A major forerunner of these events is the deterioration of the action of insulin, which regulates metabolic homeostasis via a complex signal transduction network in multiple tissues (Taniguchi et al. 2006; Tokarz et al. 2018).”
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Understanding the Reversible Binding of a Multichain Protein–Protein Complex through Free-Energy Calculations
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“Other hormones such as leptin, FGF21, and insulin were once thought to have narrowly-defined receptors and activities, and later shown to act across multiple tissues and contexts [215 ---217 ].”
Body-wide synchronization of insulin-signaling dependent DAF-16/FOXO nuclear translocation pulses correlated with C. elegans growth
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“…Gd [125,126] Entry 12—[VO( p -dmada)] on GQD [68] Entry 13—Vanadate-PLI complex on GQD, Vanadate-PL2 complex on GQD [6] Entry 14—Vanadyl acetylacetonate complex and 17 β -oestradiol on GQD [7] Since insulin is a peptide hormone, it is subjected to cellular metabolism upon entry into cells [128].”
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“It is the main anabolic hormone of the body that regulates the metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood into the liver, fat, and skeletal muscles [143, 144].”
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“The signal transmission at the GLUT-4 caused by PI3K binding to the cell membrane resulting in an increase in the transport of glucose into the muscle cells [104, 105].”
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“INTRODUCTION Insulin resistance (IR) is a condition in which the molecular mechanisms of insulin uptake and degradation are impaired, leading to the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular diseases in the long term (1-3).”
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Biochemical Toxicological Study of Insulin Overdose in Rats: A Forensic Perspective
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“15,16,19 While the same process applies to all exogenous insulins, it should be noted that BI analogues have been designed to prolong half-life by delaying re-solubilization and absorption, resulting in more stable pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles that could potentially reduce the…”
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Hepatic WDR23 proteostasis mediates insulin homeostasis by regulating insulin-degrading enzyme capacity
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“…specialized GLUT4 storage vesicle devoid of transferrin receptor but harboring the insulin-responsive aminopeptidase and VAMP2 (reviewed by Fazakerley et al., 2022; Jaldin-Fincati et al., 2017; Klip et al., 2019; Stöckli et al., 2011; Sylow et al., 2021; Tokarz et al., 2018; Zaid et al., 2008).”
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Chen, S., Sun, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cph4.70079 · Cited by 4
“Insulin clearance includes the insulin uptake and enzymatic degradation (Tokarz et al. 2018).”
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Propionic Acidemia: A Case‐Report and Review of the Literature
Walther, B. K., Murray, B. M., Pandiyan, P., Ray, R., Yeoh, L., & Kritzer, A. (2026) · JIMD Reports · doi:10.1002/jmd2.70073 · Cited by 3
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“, 2020), with the A and B chains having 21 and 30 amino acid residues, respectively (Adams et al., 2018; de Haro Moreno et al., 2018; Norman & Litwack, 1997; Tokarz et al., 2018).”
BackgroundInfluential
An integrative exploration of loquat leaf total sesquiterpene glycosides in treating insulin-resistant mice by serum and urine untargeted metabolomics analysis
Gai, Y., Li, J., Jian, T., Ding, X., Lyu, H., Liu, Y., Li, J., Ren, B., Chen, J., & Li, W. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12126 · Cited by 3
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Creatine kinase is associated with glycated haemoglobin in a nondiabetic population. The Tromsø study
Bekkelund, S. I. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281239 · Cited by 5
“Myocytes and adipocytes are important sites of insulin action, glucose uptake, and insulin resistance [2, 3], and ATP is involved in the muscular glucose uptake process [4].”
Background
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Insulin receptor-inspired soluble insulin binder
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“Also the action of insulin itself is systemic: it is secreted into the blood stream, regulating e.g. glucagon release from α -cells in the pancreas and glucose uptake into various organs, e.g. muscles (Tokarz et al., 2018).”
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Authors: Tokarz, V. L., MacDonald, P. E., & Klip, A.
Affiliations: University of Toronto (CA)
University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Klip, Amira
ORCID: Tokarz, Victoria L.
MacDonald, Patrick E.
Klip, Amira
Venue: Journal of Cell Biology
Publisher: Rockefeller University Press
Published: 2018-04-05
Volume: 217
Issue: 7
Pages: 2273-2289
ISSN: 0021-9525 (ISSN-L)
1540-8140
DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201802095
PMC: PMC6028526
OpenAlex: W2796003794
Cited by: 471
References: 223
Citations by year: 2026: 37 · 2025: 63 · 2024: 46 · 2023: 64 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 88 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 10
FWCI: 4.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-sa
www.rupress.org/terms/ (vor, 532 d)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ (vor, 269 d)
Locations: The Journal of Cell Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (FRN 148451, FRN: FND-143203)
University of Toronto
The Hospital for Sick Children
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
Keywords: insulin, insulin biosynthesis, pancreatic beta cells, insulin secretion, hepatic insulin clearance, muscle glucose uptake, adipocyte glucose uptake, insulin signaling, vesicle trafficking, diabetes mellitus
MeSH terms: Adipose Tissue, Diabetes Mellitus, Glucose, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Resistance, Adipocytes, Muscle, Skeletal, Testosterone Congeners, Insulin-Secreting Cells

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