Mechanisms for Insulin Resistance: Common Threads and Missing Links

Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Links Obesity, Insulin Action, and Type 2 Diabetes

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TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance

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Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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A central role for JNK in obesity and insulin resistance

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MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity

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IRS-1-Mediated Inhibition of Insulin Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Activity in TNF-α- and Obesity-Induced Insulin Resistance

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Chemical Chaperones Reduce ER Stress and Restore Glucose Homeostasis in a Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes

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IKK-β links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance

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Mechanism by Which Fatty Acids Inhibit Insulin Activation of Insulin Receptor Substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity in Muscle

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CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding

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The c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase promotes insulin resistance during association with insulin receptor substrate-1 and phosphorylation of Ser307

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CCR2 modulates inflammatory and metabolic effects of high-fat feeding

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Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Human Muscle Is Associated With Changes in Diacylglycerol, Protein Kinase C, and IκB-α

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Defective lipolysis and altered energy metabolism in mice lacking adipose triglyceride lipase

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IKKβ/NF-κB Activation Causes Severe Muscle Wasting in Mice

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Free fatty acid-induced insulin resistance is associated with activation of protein kinase C theta and alterations in the insulin signaling cascade.

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Intramyocellular lipid concentrations are correlated with insulin sensitivity in humans: a 1 H NMR spectroscopy study

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Quantitation of Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Normal Subjects and Subjects with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes by¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Inhibition of ceramide synthesis ameliorates glucocorticoid-, saturated-fat-, and obesity-induced insulin resistance

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Skeletal muscle lipid content and insulin resistance: evidence for a paradox in endurance-trained athletes

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Reversal of type 2 diabetes: normalisation of beta cell function in association with decreased pancreas and liver triacylglycerol

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Is Type II diabetes mellitus a disease of the innate immune system?

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Regulation of Hepatic Lipogenesis by the Transcription Factor XBP1

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Intrahepatic fat, not visceral fat, is linked with metabolic complications of obesity

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Reversal of Nonalcoholic Hepatic Steatosis, Hepatic Insulin Resistance, and Hyperglycemia by Moderate Weight Reduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

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Obesity resistance and multiple mechanisms of triglyceride synthesis in mice lacking Dgat

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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activates Cleavage of CREBH to Induce a Systemic Inflammatory Response

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Identification, Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Three Novel Human Calcium-independent Phospholipase A2 Family Members Possessing Triacylglycerol Lipase and Acylglycerol Transacylase Activities

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Tissue-specific overexpression of lipoprotein lipase causes tissue-specific insulin resistance

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GRP78 expression inhibits insulin and ER stress–induced SREBP-1c activation and reduces hepatic steatosis in mice

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Weight loss and lipolysis promote a dynamic immune response in murine adipose tissue

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Lipid-induced insulin resistance mediated by the proinflammatory receptor TLR4 requires saturated fatty acid–induced ceramide biosynthesis in mice

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Impaired Glucose Transport as a Cause of Decreased Insulin-Stimulated Muscle Glycogen Synthesis in Type 2 Diabetes

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Excessive Hepatic Mitochondrial TCA Cycle and Gluconeogenesis in Humans with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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Leptin reverses insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis in patients with severe lipodystrophy

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A Stress Signaling Pathway in Adipose Tissue Regulates Hepatic Insulin Resistance

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A Sequence Variation (I148M) in PNPLA3 Associated with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Disrupts Triglyceride Hydrolysis

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Insulin/IGF-1 and TNF-α stimulate phosphorylation of IRS-1 at inhibitory Ser307 via distinct pathways

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Deletion of NEMO/IKKγ in Liver Parenchymal Cells Causes Steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Ceramide Generation Is Sufficient to Account for the Inhibition of the Insulin-stimulated PKB Pathway in C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Cells Pretreated with Palmitate

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Cellular mechanism of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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Free Fatty Acids Produce Insulin Resistance and Activate the Proinflammatory Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway in Rat Liver

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Chinese Hamster Ovary K2 Cell Lipid Droplets Appear to Be Metabolic Organelles Involved in Membrane Traffic

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Desnutrin/ATGL Is Regulated by AMPK and Is Required for a Brown Adipose Phenotype

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Distinct roles of activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) in transcription during the mammalian unfolded protein response

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Increased Hepatic CD36 Expression Contributes to Dyslipidemia Associated With Diet-Induced Obesity

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Dissociation of Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance in Mice Overexpressing DGAT in the Liver

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PKC-θ knockout mice are protected from fat-induced insulin resistance

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Endoplasmic reticulum stress is reduced in tissues of obese subjects after weight loss

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Alterations in Liver ATP Homeostasis in Human Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

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The G0/G1 Switch Gene 2 Regulates Adipose Lipolysis through Association with Adipose Triglyceride Lipase

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Evidence for defects in the trafficking and translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters in skeletal muscle as a cause of human insulin resistance

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Mechanism of Insulin Resistance in A-ZIP/F-1 Fatless Mice

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Dephosphorylation of Translation Initiation Factor 2α Enhances Glucose Tolerance and Attenuates Hepatosteatosis in Mice

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Apolipoprotein C3 gene variants in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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Regulation of Insulin Action by Ceramide

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Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid May Improve Liver and Muscle but Not Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity in Obese Men and Women

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The endoplasmic reticulum enzyme DGAT2 is found in mitochondria-associated membranes and has a mitochondrial targeting signal that promotes its association with mitochondria

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A feed-forward loop amplifies nutritional regulation of PNPLA3

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Adipose Triglyceride Lipase: Function, Regulation by Insulin, and Comparison With Adiponutrin

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Suppression of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferase-2 (DGAT2), but Not DGAT1, with Antisense Oligonucleotides Reverses Diet-induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance

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Ceramide Disables 3-Phosphoinositide Binding to the Pleckstrin Homology Domain of Protein Kinase B (PKB)/Akt by a PKCζ-Dependent Mechanism

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The unfolded protein response transducer IRE1α prevents ER stress‐induced hepatic steatosis

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Inhibition of De Novo Ceramide Synthesis Reverses Diet-Induced Insulin Resistance and Enhances Whole-Body Oxygen Consumption

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PNPLA3 Variants Specifically Confer Increased Risk for Histologic Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease But Not Metabolic Disease†,‡

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Protein Kinase C θ Inhibits Insulin Signaling by Phosphorylating IRS1 at Ser1101

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Upregulation of myocellular DGAT1 augments triglyceride synthesis in skeletal muscle and protects against fat-induced insulin resistance

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