Far-infrared observations of Sagittarius A - The luminosity and dust density in the central parsec of the Galaxy
Abstract
Far-infrared observations of the central 4 arcmin of the Galaxy with 30-arcsec resolution made simultaneously at 30 microns, 50 microns, and 100 microns are presented. The 30-micron radiation peaks strongly at the position of the galactic center, as determined from the 2-micron surface brightness and the density of ionized gas. The 50- and 100-micron emission is much more extended along the plane and shows two emission lobes, one on either side of the 30-micron peak. At the position of the galactic center itself there is a local minimum in the 100-micron surface brightness. It is concluded that the dust density decreases inward over the central few parsecs of the Galaxy and that the dust density in the central parsec is so low that optical and ultraviolet radiation freely traverses this region. The total luminosity of the sources heating the dust which radiates the far-infrared emission from the central few parsecs is deduced to be between 1 x 10 to the 7th and 3 x 10 to the 7th solar luminosities.
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The CND has a total mass of 10^5-6 M⊙ and hosts several clumps with densities of ~10^6-8 cm^-3 and gas temperatures of ~50 K.
“The CND has a total mass of 10 5 -6 M ⊙ and hosts several clumps with densities of ∼ 10 6 -8 cm -3 and gas temperatures of ∼ 50 K (Becklin et al. 1982; Brown & Liszt 1984; Genzel et al. 1985; Serabyn et al. 1986; Genzel et al. 2010; Hsieh et al. 2021).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Becklin et al. 1982
The central 1-1.5 pc radius can be described as the 'ionized cavity' (T~5-7×10^3 K) that is affected by UV radiation either from Sgr A* or from the nuclear starcluster.
“The central 1 -1 . 5 pc radius can be described as the 'ionized cavity' ( T ∼ 5 -7 × 10 3 K) that is affected by the UV radiation either from Sgr A ∗ or from the nuclear starcluster (Becklin et al. 1982; Guesten et al. 1987; Shukla et al. 2004; Christopher et al. 2005).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Becklin et al. 1982
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“5 pc to ∼ 3–4 parsecs, a dense ring-like circumnuclear disk (CND) is located that is composed of neutral and molecular gas and dust with the equilibrium temperature between 20 and 80 K [18,131].”
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“This ring-shaped cloud of gas is located between 1-3 pc from the GC, inclined 20◦ with respect to the Galactic plane, and contains gas densities approximately two orders of magnitude larger than in the surrounding GC medium (Becklin et al. 1982; Bradford et al. 2005).”
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Karlsson, R., Sandqvist, A., Hjalmarson, Å., Winnberg, A., Fathi, K., Frisk, U., & Olberg, M. (2013) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201220471 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“A vast number of studies have been made since the CND was first detected in dust emission by Becklin et al. (1982).”
BackgroundHigh-speed molecular cloudlets around the Galactic center’s supermassive black hole
Goicoechea, J. R., Pety, J., Chapillon, E., Cernicharo, J., Gérin, M., Herrera, C. N., Requena-Torres, M. A., & Santa-Maria, M. G. (2018) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201833558/pdf · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Mid-infrared Studies of Dusty Sources in the Galactic Center
Bhat, H. K., Sabha, N. B., Zajaček, M., Eckart, A., Schödel, R., Hosseini, S. E., Peißker, F., & Zensus, J. A. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6106 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Electron‐Positron Annihilation Radiation from Sagittarius A East at the Galactic Center
Fatuzzo, M., Melia, F., & Johann Rafelski, A. (2001) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/319069 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
SOFIA, an airborne observatory for infrared astronomy
Krabbe, A., Mehlert, D., Röser, H.-P., et al. (2013) · European Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/0143-0807/34/6/s161 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“By 1982, a molecular torus had been discovered with the Kuiper Airborne Observatory3 (Becklin et al 1982 and figure 7).”
BackgroundConstraints on Jet‐driven Disk Accretion in Sagittarius A*
Jolley, E. J. D., & Kuncic, Z. (2008) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/527312 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“However, the observational data are mostly upper limits in this band, and there may be other contributions to this spectral component, such as warm dust emission (e.g., Becklin et al. 1982).”
BackgroundFIFI-LS Observations of the Circumnuclear Ring— Probing the High-density Phase of the PDR
Iserlohe, C., Bryant, A., Krabbe, A., Beckmann, S., Colditz, S., Fischer, C., Fumi, F., Geis, N., Henning, T. K., Hönle, R., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab391f · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Infrared point sources aligned with the SgrA* non-thermal radio source
Stein, W. A., & Forrest, W. J. (1986) · Nature · doi:10.1038/323232a0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Genzel, R. (1987) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/10057813_31 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Liszt, H. S. (1988) · Astronomy and astrophysics library · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-3936-9_8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Exploring High‐Velocity NH3(6, 6) Emission at the Center of Our Galaxy
Donovan, J. L., Herrnstein, R. M., & Ho, P. T. P. (2006) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/505566 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Ciurlo, A., Paumard, T., Rouan, D., & Clénet, Y. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731763 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“This region exhibits two main structures of interstellar medium (ISM): the circumnuclear disk (CND), composed of dust and neutral gas (Becklin et al. 1982), and the H II region Sgr A West (the Minispiral), consisting of dust and ionized gas (Lo & Claussen 1983).”
BackgroundGenzel, R. (1989) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900186802 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gezari, D. Y., Dwek, E., & Városi, F. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5_42 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gatley, I. (1984) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-7251-3_22 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationDust Towards the Galactic Centre
Aitken, D. K. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2462-8_4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Spectrum, Luminosity and Morphology of SGR A*
Mezger, P. G. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-0752-5_50 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Winnewisser, G. F. (1996) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s0021663550571 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Revealing the heart of the galaxy: the Milky Way and its black hole
(2014) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.51-6728 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Magnetized Structures in Sgr A West
Aitken, D. K. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2362-1_62 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Constraints on jet-driven disk accretion in Sagittarius A ⋆Preprint
Jolley, E. J. D., & Kuncic, Z. (2013) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gezari, D. Y., Dwek, E., & Városi, F. (1996) · Symposium - International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s0074180900229732 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
MOLsphere and pulsations of the Galactic Center’s red supergiant GCIRS 7 from VLTI/GRAVITY
Rodríguez-Coira, G., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., Vincent, F. H., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039501 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Star Formation at the Galactic Center
Rieke, M. J. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-2973-9_21 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Becklin, E. E., Gatley, I., & Werner, M. W.
- ORCID
- Gatley, I.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1982-07
- Volume
- 258
- Pages
- 135
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2031070315
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 6.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, Galactic Center, far-infrared emission, dust luminosity, central parsec, 100 micron emission, ionized gas
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