Aperture synthesis observations of the circumnuclear ring in the Galactic center
Abstract
The authors report 88 GHz aperture synthesis observations of HCN J = 1→0 emission and absorption in the central 5 pc of the Galaxy and single-dish measurements of HCN 1→0 and CO J = 7→6 line profiles at galactocentric radius R = 5.5 pc. The HCN synthesis data show a highly inclined, clumpy ring of molecular gas surrounding the ionized central 2 pc of the Galaxy. The ring is the inner edge of a thin disk extending in the HCN aperture synthesis data to about 5 pc and to ≥7 pc in lower excitation lines. The molecular gas is dynamically coupled to ionized gas in the central cavity. The dominant large-scale velocity pattern of the majority of the molecular gas in the inner 5 pc is rotation. No overall radial motion greater than about 20 - 30 km s-1 is apparent. The neutral gas ring may represent a circumnuclear accretion disk which feeds interstellar matter into the central parsec.
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The central 1-1.5 pc radius can be described as the 'ionized cavity' (T~5-7×10^3 K) that is affected by UV radiation either from Sgr A* or from the nuclear starcluster.
“The central 1 -1 . 5 pc radius can be described as the 'ionized cavity' ( T ∼ 5 -7 × 10 3 K) that is affected by the UV radiation either from Sgr A ∗ or from the nuclear starcluster (Becklin et al. 1982; Guesten et al. 1987; Shukla et al. 2004; Christopher et al. 2005).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Guesten et al. 1987
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0 The High-Density Ionized Gas in the Central Parsec of the GalaxyPreprint
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“The low-J transitions of HCN show absorption spectral features towards the position of Sgr A∗ (Guesten et al. 1987; Wright et al. 2001; Christopher et al. 2005).”
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“5 pc radius can be described as the ‘ionized cavity’ ( T ∼ 5 − 7 × 10 3 K) that is a ff ected by the UV radiation either from Sgr A ∗ or from the nuclear star-cluster (Becklin et al. 1982; Guesten et al. 1987; Shukla et al. 2004; Christopher et al. 2005).”
BackgroundApproaching hell’s kitchen: Molecular daredevil clouds in the vicinity of Sagittarius A*
Moser, L., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Eckart, A., Requena-Torres, M. A., García-Marin, M., Kunneriath, D., Zensus, A., Britzen, S., Sabha, N., Shahzamanian, B., et al. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628385 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“The CND structure extends from 1.5 pc to about 2.5 pc (e.g., Guesten et al. 1987; Jackson et al. 1993; Marr et al. 1993; Yusef-Zadeh et al. 2001; Wright et al. 2001; Christopher et al. 2005) and is connected via molecular gas streamers, especially in the south and west, to larger cloud associations…”
BackgroundInfluentialMolecular Gas Feeding the Circumnuclear Disk of the Galactic Center
Hsieh, P.-Y., Koch, P. M., Ho, P. T. P., Kim, W.-T., Tang, Y.-W., Wang, H.-H., Yen, H.-W., & Hwang, C.-Y. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa8329 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The lifetime of the CND is a long-standing issue (Guesten et al. 1987; Christopher et al. 2005; Montero-Castaño et al. 2009; Requena-Torres et al. 2012; Mills et al. 2013; Smith & Wardle 2014; Harada et al. 2015).”
BackgroundStarbursts and torus evolution in AGN
Vollmer, B., Beckert, T., & Davies, R. (2008) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810446/pdf · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Galactic Center as a laboratory for theories of gravity and dark matter
Laurentis, M. D., Martino, I. D., & Monica, R. D. (2023) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ace91b · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Molecular Gas in the Inner 100 Parsecs of M51
Scoville, N. Z., Yun, M. S., Armus, L., et al. (1998) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/311128 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mid-infrared spectroscopy of UV irradiated hydrogenated amorphous carbon materials
Gadallah, K. A. K., Mutschke, H., & Jäger, C. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219248 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A cloudy model for the Circumnuclear Disk in the Galactic Centre
Vollmer, B., & Duschl, W. J. (2001) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000425 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hsieh, P.-Y., Koch, P. M., Kim, W.-T., Ho, P. T. P., Tang, Y.-W., & Wang, H.-H. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aacb27 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Approaching hell’s kitchen: Molecular daredevil clouds in the vicinity of Sagittarius A*
Moser, L., Sánchez-Monge, Á., Eckart, A., Requena-Torres, M. A., García-Marín, M., Kunneriath, D., Zensus, J. A., Britzen, S., Sabha, N. B., Shahzamanian, B., et al. (2017) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628385/pdf · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Coordinated NIR/mm observations of flare emission from Sagittarius A*
Kunneriath, D., Witzel, G., Eckart, A., Zamaninasab, M., Gießübel, R., Schödel, R., Baganoff, F. K., Morris, M., Dovčiak, M., Duschl, W. J., et al. (2010) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/200913613 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“3 The IRAM 30 m millimeter telescope is operated by the Institute for Radioastronomy at millimeter wavelengths - Granada, Spain, and Grenoble, France. surrounding the Galactic centre at a distance of about 1.5-4 pc (see, e.g., Guesten et al. (1987) or Christopher et al. (2005)).”
MethodInfluentialThe velocity field of ionized gas near Sgr A$^{\ast}$
Liszt, H. S. (2003) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20031033 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The Galactic centre mini-spiral in the mm-regime
Kunneriath, D., Eckart, A., Vogel, S. N., Teuben, P. J., Mužić, K., Schödel, R., García-Marín, M., Moultaka, J., Staguhn, J. G., Straubmeier, C., et al. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117676 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Dense, Ionized, and Neutral Gas Surrounding Sagittarius A*
Shukla, H., Yun, M. S., & Scoville, N. Z. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/424868 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The inner cavity of the circumnuclear disc
Blank, M., Morris, M., Frank, A., Carroll-Nellenback, J., & Duschl, W. J. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw771 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“It is generally assumed that the CND’s inner cavity is maintained by the interaction of this outflow with the inner rim of the CND (e.g., Guesten et al. 1987; Genzel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Dynamics of the Circumnuclear Disk and its environment in the Galactic Centre
Vollmer, B., & Duschl, W. J. (2002) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20020422 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
IONIZED GAS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER: NEW OBSERVATIONS AND INTERPRETATION
Irons, W. T., Lacy, J. H., & Richter, M. J. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/755/2/90 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chemical features in the circumnuclear disk of the Galactic center
Harada, N., Riquelme, D., Viti, S., Jiménez-Serra, I., Requena-Torres, M. A., Menten, K. M., Martín, S., Aladro, R., Martín-Pintado, J., & Hochgürtel, S. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201526994/pdf · Cited by 28 · see citing works
- Authors
- Guesten, R., Genzel, R., Wright, M. C. H., Jaffe, D. T., Stutzki, J., & Harris, A. I.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1987-07
- Volume
- 318
- Pages
- 124
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2011601272
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 20.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, circumnuclear ring, HCN emission, molecular gas, molecular disk, gas kinematics, gas rotation, CO line profiles
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