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Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
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We report measurements of the mass density, Ω M , and cosmological-constant energy density, Ω Λ , of the universe based on the analysis of 42 type Ia supernovae discovered by the Supernova Cosmology Project. The magnitude-redshift data for these supernovae, at redshifts between 0.18 and 0.83, are fitted jointly with a set of supernovae from the Calán/Tololo Supernova Survey, at redshifts below 0.1, to yield values for the cosmological parameters. All supernova peak magnitudes are standardized using a SN Ia light-curve width-luminosity relation. The measurement yields a joint probability distribution of the cosmological parameters that is approximated by the relation 0.8Ω M -0.6Ω Λ ≈-0.2±0.1 in the region of interest (Ω M ≲1.5). For a flat (Ω M +Ω Λ =1) cosmology we find Ω M flat =0.28 +0.09 -0.08 (1 σ statistical) +0.05 -0.04 (identified systematics). The data are strongly inconsistent with a Λ=0 flat cosmology, the simplest inflationary universe model. An open, Λ=0 cosmology also does not fit the data well: the data indicate that the cosmological constant is nonzero and positive, with a confidence of P (Λ>0)=99%, including the identified systematic uncertainties. The best-fit age of the universe relative to the Hubble time is t 0 flat =14.9 +1.4 -1.1 (0.63/ h ) Gyr for a flat cosmology. The size of our sample allows us to perform a variety of statistical tests to check for possible systematic errors and biases. We find no significant differences in either the host reddening distribution or Malmquist bias between the low-redshift Calán/Tololo sample and our high-redshift sample. Excluding those few supernovae that are outliers in color excess or fit residual does not significantly change the results. The conclusions are also robust whether or not a width-luminosity relation is used to standardize the supernova peak magnitudes. We discuss and constrain, where possible, hypothetical alternatives to a cosmological constant.
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“the dark energy (DE) [6,7] component, introduced to explain the current stage of accelerated expansion, in the standard model is the cosmological constant term Λ, without any strong physical basis.”
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“Two decades ago, two independent groups using supernova measurements found that the universe’s expansion is speeding up rather than slowing down (Riess et al. 1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999).”
From Testing general relativity in cosmology (2019) · cites this paper as Perlmutter et al. 1999
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“One of the first compelling evidences for cosmic acceleration came from Supernovae type Ia (SN Ia) observations (Riess et al. 1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999).”
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“In the presence of a small positive vacuum energy (such as seems to exist in our universe [16, 17, 18]), systems will tend to initially empty out to an approximate de Sitter vacuum.”
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“A mechanism for such an instability may be provided by the small positive cosmological constant that has apparently been discovered [16, 17, 18].”
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“SNe Ia provided the fi rst robust evidence that the expansion of the universe is accelerating”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Perlmutter, S., Aldering, G., Goldhaber, G., Knop, R. A., Nugent, P., Castro, P. G., Deustua, S., Fabbro, S., Goobar, A., Groom, D. E., Hook, I. M., Kim, A. G., Kim, M. Y., Lee, J. C., Nunes, N. J., Pain, R., Pennypacker, C. R., Quimby, R., Lidman, C., Ellis, R. S., Irwin, M., McMahon, R. G., Ruiz‐Lapuente, P., Walton, N., Schaefer, B., Boyle, B. J., Filippenko, A. V., Matheson, T., Fruchter, A. S., Panagia, N., Newberg, H. J. M., Couch, W. J., & Project, T. S. C.
- Affiliations
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Isaac Newton Group (ES)
- Yale University (US)
- Australian Astronomical Observatory (AU)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Perlmutter, S.
- Aldering, G.
- Goldhaber, G.
- Knop, R. A.
- Nugent, P.
- Castro, P. G.
- Deustua, S.
- Fabbro, S.
- Goobar, A.
- Groom, D. E.
- Hook, I. M.
- Kim, A. G.
- Lee, J. C.
- Nunes, N. J.
- Pain, R.
- Quimby, R.
- Lidman, C.
- Ellis, R. S.
- Irwin, M.
- McMahon, R. G.
- Walton, N.
- Schaefer, B.
- Filippenko, A. V.
- Matheson, T.
- Fruchter, A. S.
- Panagia, N.
- Newberg, H. J. M.
- Couch, W. J.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 1999-06
- Volume
- 517
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 565-586
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1853767801
- Cited by
- 18,062
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 700 · 2025: 976 · 2024: 989 · 2023: 863 · 2022: 759 · 2021: 778 · 2020: 744 · 2019: 784 · 2018: 718 · 2017: 725 · 2016: 819 · 2015: 741 · 2014: 757 · 2013: 894 · 2012: 822
- FWCI
- 271.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (9417213)
- France-Berkeley Fund
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Type Ia supernovae, cosmological constant, matter density parameter, high-redshift supernovae, flat universe, age of the universe, Malmquist bias, systematic errors, inflationary universe
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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