Dark Halo and Disk Galaxy Scaling Laws in Hierarchical Universes

Abstract

We use cosmological N -body/gasdynamical simulations that include star formation and feedback to examine the proposal that scaling laws between the total luminosity, rotation speed, and angular momentum of disk galaxies reflect analogous correlations between the structural parameters of their surrounding dark matter halos. The numerical experiments follow the formation of galaxy-sized halos in two cold dark matter (CDM)-dominated universes: the standard Ω = 1 CDM scenario and the currently popular ΛCDM model. We find that the slope and scatter of the I -band Tully-Fisher relation are well reproduced in the simulations, although not, as proposed in recent work, as a result of the cosmological equivalence between halo mass and circular velocity: large systematic variations in the fraction of baryons that collapse to form galaxies and in the ratio between halo and disk circular velocities are observed in our numerical experiments. The Tully-Fisher slope and scatter are recovered in this model as a direct result of the dynamical response of the halo to the assembly of the luminous component of the galaxy. We conclude that models that neglect the self-gravity of the disk and its influence on the detailed structure of the halo cannot be used to derive meaningful estimates of the scatter or slope of the Tully-Fisher relation. Our models fail, however, to match the zero point of the Tully-Fisher relation, as well as that of the relation linking disk rotation speed and angular momentum. These failures can be traced, respectively, to the excessive central concentration of dark halos formed in the CDM cosmogonies we explore and to the formation of galaxy disks as the final outcome of a sequence of merger events. Disappointingly, our feedback formulation, calibrated to reproduce the empirical correlations linking star formation rate and gas surface density established by Kennicutt, has little influence on these conclusions. Agreement between model and observations appears to demand substantial revision to the CDM scenario or to the manner in which baryons are thought to assemble and evolve into galaxies in hierarchical universes.