Flammability Is a Niche Construction Trait: Canopy Architecture Affects Fire Intensity
Abstract
By affecting local fire intensities or the probability of ignition, traits that influence plant flammability may indirectly control selection for fire-related life-history and physiological traits. The retention of dead branches in the canopy has been cited as contributing to plant flammability. No experiment, however, has demonstrated that differences in plant canopy architecture on the scale of observed variation in nature can affect local fire characteristics. I experimentally manipulated canopies of Adenostoma fasciculatum, a California shrub that naturally retains dead branches, to mimic degrees of self-pruning in four small-scale (4 m x 6 m) treatments: removal of all canopy dead wood, clipping of all dead wood with wood left as litter, an unmanipulated treatment, and a dead wood addition. Treatment plots were burned in large-scale prescribed fires. Fire temperatures and heat release were significantly higher in Unmanipulated and Addition treatments, demonstrating a significant local effect of dead branch retention. Removal and Clip and Leave treatments did not differ significantly; the observed effect is a result of canopy architecture rather than differences in total fuel load.
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An agent may benefit from NC by increasing the capacity of a niche, reducing the capacity of a niche, or bringing the environmental state closer to its preferred niche and further away from others.
“An agent may benefit from NC by: a) increasing the capacity of a niche, for example through nest-building, thus, reducing competition for resources b) reducing the capacity of a niche thus making it less desirable to others.”
From Dynamics of niche construction in adaptable populations evolving in diverse environments (2023) · cites this paper as Schwilk, 2003
Studies of natural populations have shown that NC often affects selection pressures by helping species protect themselves from environmental uncertainty and accelerates evolution by complexifying environments.
“Since then, studies of natural populations have shown that NC often affects selection pressures by helping species protect themselves from environmental uncertainty and accelerates evolution by complexifying environments (Odling-Smee et al., 2003;Schwilk, 2003;Boivin et al., 2016).”
From Dynamics of niche construction in adaptable populations evolving in diverse environments (2023) · cites this paper as Schwilk, 2003
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- Authors
- Schwilk, D. W.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schwilk, Dylan W.
- ORCID
- Schwilk, Dylan W.
- Venue
- The American Naturalist
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2003-12
- Volume
- 162
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 725-733
- ISSN
- 0003-0147 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5323
- OpenAlex
- W2180858190
- Cited by
- 229
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 4.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The American Naturalist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Fire effects on ecosystems
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics
- Keywords
- plant flammability, canopy structure, self-pruning, fire intensity, prescribed burning, Adenostoma fasciculatum, niche construction, fire adaptation, fuel load, heat release
- MeSH terms
- California, Calorimetry, Environment, Fires, Selection, Genetic, Temperature, Trees, Rosaceae
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