The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 65 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Evolution of the Solar Activity over Time and Effects on Planetary Atmospheres. I. High‐Energy Irradiances (1–1700 A)
Open accessAbstract
We report on the results of the Sun in Time multiwavelength program (X-rays to UV) of solar analogs with ages covering ~0.1-7 Gyr. The chief science goals are to study the solar magnetic dynamo and to determine the radiative and magnetic properties of the Sun during its evolution across the main sequence. The present paper focuses on the latter goal, which has the ultimate purpose of providing the spectral irradiance evolution of solar-type stars to be used in the study and modeling of planetary atmospheres. The results from the Sun in Time program suggest that the coronal X-ray-EUV emissions of the young main-sequence Sun were ~100-1000 times stronger than those of the present Sun. Similarly, the transition region and chromospheric FUV-UV emissions of the young Sun are expected to be 20-60 and 10-20 times stronger, respectively, than at present. When we consider the integrated high-energy emission from 1 to 1200 Å, the resulting relationship indicates that about 2.5 Gyr ago the solar high-energy flux was about 2.5 times the present value and about 3.5 Gyr ago was about 6 times the present value (when life supposedly arose on Earth). The strong radiation emissions inferred should have had major influences on the thermal structure, photochemistry, and photoionization of planetary atmospheres and have played an important role in the development of primitive life in the solar system. Some examples of the application of the Sun in Time results on exoplanets and on early solar system planets are discussed.
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Cites
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UNDERSTANDING THE MASS-RADIUS RELATION FOR SUB-NEPTUNES: RADIUS AS A PROXY FOR COMPOSITION
Lopez, E. D., & Fortney, J. J. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/792/1/1 · Cited by 722
Extreme Water Loss and Abiotic O 2 Buildup on Planets Throughout the Habitable Zones of M Dwarfs
Luger, R., & Barnes, R. (2015) · Astrobiology · doi:10.1089/ast.2014.1231 · Cited by 585
A giant comet-like cloud of hydrogen escaping the warm Neptune-mass exoplanet GJ 436b
Ehrenreich, D., Bourrier, V., Wheatley, P. J., des Etangs, A. L., Hébrard, G., Udry, S., Bonfils, X., Delfosse, X., Désert, J.-M., Sing, D. K., et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14501 · Cited by 517
New Mass-Loss Measurements from Astrospheric Lyα Absorption
Wood, B. E., Müller, H.-R., Zank, G. P., Linsky, J. L., & Redfield, S. (2005) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/432716 · Cited by 467
Planetary evaporation by UV and X-ray radiation: basic hydrodynamics
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ribas, I., Guinan, E. F., Gudel, M., & Audard, M.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2005-03-20
- Volume
- 622
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 680-694
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2082329580
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 65
- FWCI
- 16.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
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