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The Two Young Star Disks in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy: Properties, Dynamics, and Formation
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We report the definite spectroscopic identification of ≃40 OB supergiants, giants, and main-sequence stars in the central parsec of the Galaxy. Detection of their absorption lines has become possible with the high spatial and spectral resolution and sensitivity of the adaptive optics integral field spectrometer SPIFFI/SINFONI on the ESO VLT. Several of these OB stars appear to be helium- and nitrogen-rich. Almost all of the ≃80 massive stars now known in the central parsec (central arcsecond excluded) reside in one of two somewhat thick (⟨ / R ⟩ ≃ 0.14) rotating disks. These stellar disks have fairly sharp inner edges ( R ≃ 1′′) and surface density profiles that scale as R -2 . We do not detect any OB stars outside the central 0.5 pc. The majority of the stars in the clockwise system appear to be on almost circular orbits, whereas most of those in the "counterclockwise" disk appear to be on eccentric orbits. Based on its stellar surface density distribution and dynamics, we propose that IRS 13E is an extremely dense cluster (ρ core ≳ 3 × 10 8 M ☉ pc -3 ) that has formed in the counterclockwise disk. The stellar contents of both systems are remarkably similar, indicating a common age of ≃6 ± 2 Myr. The K -band luminosity function of the massive stars suggests a top-heavy mass function and limits the total stellar mass contained in both disks to ≃1.5 × 10 4 M ☉ . Our data strongly favor in situ star formation from dense gas accretion disks for the two stellar disks. This conclusion is very clear for the clockwise disk and highly plausible for the counterclockwise system.
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“Additionally, the rotation vectors of individual stars within the clockwise system slightly vary from each other but, overall, remain at an inclination of 122 ◦ ± 7 ◦ (about ∼ 30 ◦ away from the Galactic rotation axis) (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2008; Genzel et al. 2010).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Paumard et al. 2006
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“A younger generation of stars (age ≈ 6 ± 2 Myr) is also observed within the central 0 . 5 pc (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Paumard et al. 2006
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Self-citationSinghal, M., Šubr, L., & Haas, J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1276 · Cited by 3
Observations of the 86 GHz SiO maser sources in the Central Parsec of the Galactic Centre
Borkar, A., Eckart, A., Straubmeier, C., Sabha, N. B., Sjouwerman, L. O., Karas, V., Kunneriath, D., Moser, L., Britzen, S., Valencia-S., M., et al. (2020) · Multifrequency Behaviour of High Energy Cosmic Sources Workshop (MULTIF) · doi:10.22323/1.362.0033 · Cited by 4
Photometric Stellar Variability in the Galactic Center
Rafelski, M. A., Ghez, A. M., Hornstein, S. D., Lu, J. R., & Morris, M. (2006) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/54/1/050 · Cited by 3
The orbital motion of the Arches cluster: clues on cluster formation near the Galactic Center
Stolte, A., Ghez, A. M., Morris, M., Lu, J. R., Brandner, W., & Matthews, K. (2009) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-009-0086-7 · Cited by 3
High energy activity of the super-massive black hole at the Galactic Center
Goldwurm, A. (2007) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2006.11.001 · Cited by 3
Observations of the gas cloud G2 in the Galactic center
Gillessen, S., Genzel, R., Fritz, T. K., Eisenhauer, F., Pfuhl, O., Ott, T., Burkert, A., Schartmann, M., & Ballone, A. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000702 · Cited by 3
Self-citationGetting a Kick out of the Stellar Disk(s) in the Galactic Center
Perets, H. B., Kupi, G., & Tal Alexander, A. (2007) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921308015780 · Cited by 3
Mikhaloff, D. N., & Perets, H. B. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2813 · Cited by 6
Kauffmann, G. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1750 · Cited by 3
Sculpting the Stellar Cusp in the Galactic CenterPreprint
Chen, X., & Amaro‐Seoane, P. (2015) · Cited by 5
Massive perturbers in the galactic centerPreprint
Perets, H. B., Hopman, C., & Alex, T. (2006) · Cited by 3
NaCo/SAM observations of sources at the Galactic CenterPreprint
Sánchez-Bermúdez, J., Alberdi, A., & Pott, J. (2016) · Cited by 3
Vector resonant relaxation and statistical closure theory: Direct interaction approximation
Flores, S., & Fouvry, J.-B. (2025) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.111.044111 · Cited by 2
Wind-fed Supermassive Black Hole Accretion by the Nuclear Star Cluster: The Case of M31*
Su, Z., Li, Z., & Li, Z. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade1d5 · Cited by 2
The Discovery of an Active Wind from the Milky Way’s Central Black Hole
Gorski, M., & Murchikova, E. M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ae63cf · Cited by 3
Closing the gap: Follow-up observations of peculiar dusty objects close to Sgr A * using ERIS
Peißker, F., Zajaček, M., Karas, V., Pavlík, V., Bordier, E., Šubr, L., Haas, J., Melamed, M., Großekathöfer, L., Schmökel, N., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556229 · Cited by 2
Probing dense environments around Sgr A* with S-star dynamics
Tomaselli, G. M., & Caputo, A. (2026) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/pm7p-c53w · Cited by 2
Constraining wave dark matter with Galactic-centre resonant dynamics
Ginat, Y. B., & Kocsis, B. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1347 · Cited by 2
The orbital motion of the Arches cluster — clues on cluster formation near the galactic center
Stolte, A., Ghez, A. M., Morris, M., Lu, J. R., Brandner, W., & Matthews, K. (2008) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/131/1/012015 · Cited by 2
Kozai resonance model for Sagittarius A* stellar orbits
Šubr, L., Karas, V., & Haas, J. (2006) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921307004978 · Cited by 2
Spectroscopic evidence of a possible young stellar cluster at the Galactic Center
Martínez-Arranz, Á., Schödel, R., Nogueras-Lara, F., Najarro, F., Castellanos, R., & Fedriani, R. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449877 · Cited by 2
Nucleus of M31: Upper limits to the molecular and ionised gas content
Melchior, A. L., & Combes, F. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347597 · Cited by 2
Numerical modelling the mass feeding rates on to accretion-modified stars embedded within AGN discs
Luo, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf841 · Cited by 2
A Recent Supermassive Black Hole Binary in the Galactic Center Unveiled by the Hypervelocity Stars
Cao, C., Liu, F. K., Li, S., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/adbbf2 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Paumard, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., Nayakshin, S., Beloborodov, A. M., Levin, Y., Trippe, S., Eisenhauer, F., Ott, T., Gillessen, S., Abuter, R., Cuadra, J., Alexander, T., & Sternberg, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 643
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1011-1035
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2114914177
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 31.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- OB stars, in situ star formation, stellar orbits, eccentric orbits, K-band luminosity function, helium-rich stars, nitrogen-rich stars, young stellar clusters
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