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The Two Young Star Disks in the Central Parsec of the Galaxy: Properties, Dynamics, and Formation
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We report the definite spectroscopic identification of ≃40 OB supergiants, giants, and main-sequence stars in the central parsec of the Galaxy. Detection of their absorption lines has become possible with the high spatial and spectral resolution and sensitivity of the adaptive optics integral field spectrometer SPIFFI/SINFONI on the ESO VLT. Several of these OB stars appear to be helium- and nitrogen-rich. Almost all of the ≃80 massive stars now known in the central parsec (central arcsecond excluded) reside in one of two somewhat thick (⟨ / R ⟩ ≃ 0.14) rotating disks. These stellar disks have fairly sharp inner edges ( R ≃ 1′′) and surface density profiles that scale as R -2 . We do not detect any OB stars outside the central 0.5 pc. The majority of the stars in the clockwise system appear to be on almost circular orbits, whereas most of those in the "counterclockwise" disk appear to be on eccentric orbits. Based on its stellar surface density distribution and dynamics, we propose that IRS 13E is an extremely dense cluster (ρ core ≳ 3 × 10 8 M ☉ pc -3 ) that has formed in the counterclockwise disk. The stellar contents of both systems are remarkably similar, indicating a common age of ≃6 ± 2 Myr. The K -band luminosity function of the massive stars suggests a top-heavy mass function and limits the total stellar mass contained in both disks to ≃1.5 × 10 4 M ☉ . Our data strongly favor in situ star formation from dense gas accretion disks for the two stellar disks. This conclusion is very clear for the clockwise disk and highly plausible for the counterclockwise system.
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“Additionally, the rotation vectors of individual stars within the clockwise system slightly vary from each other but, overall, remain at an inclination of 122 ◦ ± 7 ◦ (about ∼ 30 ◦ away from the Galactic rotation axis) (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2008; Genzel et al. 2010).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Paumard et al. 2006
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“A younger generation of stars (age ≈ 6 ± 2 Myr) is also observed within the central 0 . 5 pc (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Paumard et al. 2006
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Trippe, S., Gillessen, S., Gerhard, O., Bartko, H., Fritz, T. K., Maness, H. L., Eisenhauer, F., Martins, F., Ott, T., Dodds-Eden, K., et al. (2008) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:200810191 · Cited by 129
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Maness, H. L., Martins, F., Trippe, S., Genzel, R., Graham, J. R., Sheehy, C. D., Salaris, M., Gillessen, S., Tal Alexander, A., Paumard, T., et al. (2007) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/521669 · Cited by 122
Self-citationRessler, S. M., White, C. J., Quataert, E., & Stone, J. M. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab9532 · Cited by 123
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Self-citationThe Galactic Center GeV excess from a series of leptonic cosmic-ray outbursts
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Self-citationMULTIWAVELENGTH CONSTRAINTS ON PULSAR POPULATIONS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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Schödel, R., Feldmeier-Krause, A., Neumayer, N., Meyer, L., & Yelda, S. (2014) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/31/24/244007 · Cited by 116
An overabundance of black hole X-ray binaries in the Galactic Centre from tidal captures
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GAS INFALL TOWARD Sgr A* FROM THE CLUMPY CIRCUMNUCLEAR DISK
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Lacey, C. G., Baugh, C. M., Frenk, C. S., Silva, L., Granato, G. L., & Bressan, A. (2008) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.12949.x · Cited by 105
DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE YOUNG STARS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER: N -BODY SIMULATIONS OF THE S-STARS
Perets, H. B., Gualandris, A., Kupi, G., Merritt, D., & Alexander, T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/702/2/884 · Cited by 105
Self-citationDo, T. (2012) · Cited by 104
Kraniotis, G. V. (2007) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/24/7/007 · Cited by 102
Hubble Space Telescope Paschen α survey of the Galactic Centre: data reduction and products
Dong, H., Wang, Q. D., Cotera, A. S., Stolovy, S. R., Morris, M., Mauerhan, J. C., Mills, E. A. C., Schneider, G., Calzetti, D., & Lang, C. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19013.x · Cited by 102
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Self-citationTHE GALACTIC CENTER CLOUD G2 AND ITS GAS STREAMER
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Self-citationNear-infrared proper motions and spectroscopy of infrared excess sources at the Galactic center
Eckart, A., Mužić, K., Yazıcı, Ş., Sabha, N. B., Shahzamanian, B., Witzel, G., Moser, L., García-Marín, M., Valencia-S., M., Jalali, B., et al. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219994 · Cited by 100
The distribution of stars around the Milky Way’s central black hole
Gallego-Cano, E., Schödel, R., Dong, H., Nogueras-Lara, F., Gallego-Calvente, A. T., Amaro‐Seoane, P., & Baumgardt, H. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201730451 · Cited by 113
PERTURBATIONS OF INTERMEDIATE-MASS BLACK HOLES ON STELLAR ORBITS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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On the Formation of Compact Stellar Disks around Sagittarius A*
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THE NUCLEAR CLUSTER OF THE MILKY WAY: TOTAL MASS AND LUMINOSITY*
Fritz, T. K., Chatzopoulos, S., Gerhard, O., Gillessen, S., Genzel, R., Pfuhl, O., Tacchella, S., Eisenhauer, F., & Ott, T. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/821/1/44 · Cited by 108
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Paumard, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., Nayakshin, S., Beloborodov, A. M., Levin, Y., Trippe, S., Eisenhauer, F., Ott, T., Gillessen, S., Abuter, R., Cuadra, J., Alexander, T., & Sternberg, A.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RU)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics (DE)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2006-06
- Volume
- 643
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1011-1035
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2114914177
- Cited by
- 690
- References
- 96
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 30 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 45 · 2012: 44
- FWCI
- 31.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- OB stars, in situ star formation, stellar orbits, eccentric orbits, K-band luminosity function, helium-rich stars, nitrogen-rich stars, young stellar clusters
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