CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 996Gender, Sexuality, and EducationGender and Feminist StudiesCareer Development and Diversity

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 146 of the 148 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries

Charles, Maria, Bradley, Karen·2009·American Journal of Sociology
DOI 10.1086/595942
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Data from 44 societies are used to explore sex segregation by field of study. Contrary to accounts linking socioeconomic modernization to a "degendering" of public-sphere institutions, sex typing of curricular fields is stronger in more economically developed contexts. The authors argue that two cultural forces combine in advanced industrial societies to create a new sort of sex segregation regime. The first is gender-essentialist ideology, which has proven to be extremely resilient even in the most liberal-egalitarian of contexts; the second is self-expressive value systems, which create opportunities and incentives for the expression of "gendered selves." Multivariate analyses suggest that structural features of postindustrial labor markets and modern educational systems support the cultivation, realization, and display of gender-specific curricular affinities.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1086/595942

Cites

146 of 146 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 148 references

2 of the 148 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 44

  1. Bae Yupin, NCES 2000–030
  2. Baker David P, 2005, Letendre
  3. Bielby William T, 1984, Baron
  4. Bix Amy Sue, Pp. 46–65 in Removing Barriers: Women in Academic Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, edited by Jill M. Bystydzienski and Sharon R. Bird.
  5. Bystydzienski Jill M, 2006, Bird
  6. Charles Maria, Pp. 183–203 in Women and Information Technology: Research on the Reasons for Underrepresentation
  7. Eagly Alice H, 2000, Diekman
  8. Eccles Jacquelynne S, Pp. 199–210 in Why Aren’t More Women in Science? Top Researchers Debate the Evidence
  9. England Paula, Pp. 245–64 in The Declining Significance of Gender?
  10. Estévez‐Abe Margarita, Pp. 145–83 in Varieties of Capitalism: The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, edited by Peter A. Hall and David Soskice.
  11. Fenstermaker Sarah, 2002. Doing Gender
  12. Fjelde H. V., Pp. 117–30 in Women’s Higher Education in Comparative Perspective, G. P. Kelly and S. Slaughter.
  13. Frank David John, Pp. 19–42 in Towards a Multiversity? Universities between Global Trends and National Traditions
  14. Gecas Viktor, Pp. 171–87 in The Self‐Society Dynamic: Cognition, Emotion, and Action, edited by J. A. Howard and P. L. Callero.
  15. Gharibyan Hasmik, ASEE/IEE Frontiers in Education Conference
  16. Glick Peter, 1999, Fiske
  17. Hoff Sommers Christina, The War against Boys
  18. ILO (International Labour Organization, Yearbook of Labour Statistics
  19. ILO (International Labour Organization, Yearbook of Labour Statistics
  20. Jackson Robert Max, Pp. 215–44 in The Declining Significance of Gender?
  21. 10.1037/0022-0663.82.3.578 · DOI
  22. Lightbody Pauline, Pp. 37–58 in Gender and Choice in Education and Occupation, edited by John Radford.
  23. National Academy of Engineering. 2004., The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century
  24. National Academy of Sciences. 2005., 2008, Accessed
  25. National Agency for Higher Education and Statistics Sweden. 1998., 1986, Women and Men in Higher Education—from Upper Secondary to Postgraduate Training
  26. Noel‐Levitz, 2008, Accessed
  27. NSF (National Science Foundation). 2001. Women, 2000, Minorities and Persons with Disabilities in Science and Engineering
  28. Ramirez Francisco O, Pp. 257–73 in America’s Changing Role in the World System, edited by T. Boswell and A. Bergesen.
  29. Rawlings Craig M, Working paper
  30. Ridgeway Cecilia L, Pp. 265–87 in The Declining Significance of Gender?
  31. Rossiter Margaret W, Pp. 96–117 in Rethinking Home Economics: Women and the History of a Profession
  32. Schultz Theodore, 1961, American Economic Review, 51, 1
  33. Sirowy L., 1986, Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization, 6, 1
  34. Spitaleri Rosa Maria, Pp. 205–13 in Towards Gender Equity in Mathematics Education, edited by Gila Hanna.
  35. Stenstrom Marja‐Leena, 1993, International Journal of Vocational Education and Training, 1, 15
  36. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, 1953, Scientific, and Cultural Organization)
  37. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Statistical Yearbook, 10.18356/49fb988a-en-fr · DOI
  38. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Statistical Yearbook, 10.18356/49fb988a-en-fr · DOI
  39. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, 1996, Science Report
  40. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Statistical Yearbook, 10.18356/49fb988a-en-fr · DOI
  41. UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Statistical Yearbook, 10.18356/49fb988a-en-fr · DOI
  42. United Nations. 1999., Women’s Indicators and Statistics Database (WISTAT)
  43. Williams John E, 1990, Best
  44. Xie Yu, 2003, Shauman

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 996

Related

Metadata

Authors
Charles, M., & Bradley, K.
Affiliations
  • University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
  • Western Washington University (US)
ORCID
Charles, Maria
Venue
American Journal of Sociology
Publisher
University of Chicago Press
Published
2009-01
Volume
114
Issue
4
Pages
924-976
ISSN
  • 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
  • 1537-5390
DOI
10.1086/595942
OpenAlex
W2090224605
Cited by
996
References
148
Citations by year
2026: 70 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 22
FWCI
53.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Western CEDAR (Western Washington University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
Keywords
sex segregation, field of study, gender essentialism, self-expression, educational inequality, modernization, cross-national comparison
MeSH terms
Career Choice, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Curriculum, Economics, Educational Status, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Sex Factors, Stereotyping, Students, Multivariate Analysis, Developed Countries

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review