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Indulging Our Gendered Selves? Sex Segregation by Field of Study in 44 Countries
Abstract
Data from 44 societies are used to explore sex segregation by field of study. Contrary to accounts linking socioeconomic modernization to a "degendering" of public-sphere institutions, sex typing of curricular fields is stronger in more economically developed contexts. The authors argue that two cultural forces combine in advanced industrial societies to create a new sort of sex segregation regime. The first is gender-essentialist ideology, which has proven to be extremely resilient even in the most liberal-egalitarian of contexts; the second is self-expressive value systems, which create opportunities and incentives for the expression of "gendered selves." Multivariate analyses suggest that structural features of postindustrial labor markets and modern educational systems support the cultivation, realization, and display of gender-specific curricular affinities.
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“Indeed, the results that Western countries had larger gender differences on the most employed measures were established before the introduction of the evolutionary interpretation for the GEP and its focus on gender equality and development (8–10; see also ref. 29).”
From Simpson’s gender-equality paradox (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
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“Another possible reason as to why economic indicators are particularly sensitive in detecting associations with psychological sex differences concerns the way greater economic prosperity alters educational and occupational structures (e.g., K. Block et al., 2022; Charles & Bradley, 2009; Wong & Charles, 2020).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Charles & Bradley, 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Charles, M., & Bradley, K.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Western Washington University (US)
- ORCID
- Charles, Maria
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 114
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 924-976
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- OpenAlex
- W2090224605
- Cited by
- 996
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 76 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 70 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 125 · 2019: 58 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 53.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Sociology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Western CEDAR (Western Washington University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Sexuality, and Education
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Career Development and Diversity
- Keywords
- sex segregation, field of study, gender essentialism, self-expression, educational inequality, modernization, cross-national comparison
- MeSH terms
- Career Choice, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Curriculum, Economics, Educational Status, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Sex Factors, Stereotyping, Students, Multivariate Analysis, Developed Countries
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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