The use of citations in literary research: A preliminary classification of citation functions
Abstract
Citation studies have been concerned primarily with the properties of cited workds. The analysis of citation functions is undoubtedly more complex than this, but it can reveal information about research processes. A key problem in such an analysis is the design of categories to be used to classify citation functions. A few schemes have been created for the classification of citation functions in scientific publications. This article examines these schemes and considers differences in research methods between scientific and humanistic disciplines which might have an influence on citation practices. A scheme for the classification of citations in literary research is proposed as a preliminary model. Findings are presented from the results of the application of this scheme to a sample of publications in German literary research.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Prior literature in scientometrics recognizes that application, affirmation, and negation citations, on average, signal a higher level of scientific indebtedness than review and perfunctory mentions.
“Prior literature in scientometrics recognizes that the former three types, on average, signal a higher level of scienti fi c indebtedness than the latter two types.”
From Unraveling scientific impact: Citation types in marketing journals (2015) · cites this paper as Frost, 1979
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What do citation counts measure? A review of studies on citing behavior
Bornmann, L., & Daniel, H. (2008) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/00220410810844150 · Cited by 1,607 · see citing works
O papel da informetria e da cienciometria e sua perspectiva nacional e internacional
Macías-Chapula, C. A. (1998) · Ciência da Informação · doi:10.1590/s0100-19651998000200005 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Applying centrality measures to impact analysis: A coauthorship network analysis
Yan, E., & Ding, Y. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21128 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Private acts and public objects: An investigation of citer motivations
Brooks, T. A. (1985) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/asi.4630360402 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
An interview-based study of the functions of citations in academic writing across two disciplines
Harwood, N. (2009) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2008.06.001 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Content‐based citation analysis: The next generation of citation analysis
Ding, Y., Zhang, G., Chambers, T., Song, M., Wang, X., & Zhai, C. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23256 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) divided citation usage based on the type of cited text (e.g., other scholar views, primary text, previous scholarship).”
BackgroundCO‐CITATION CONTEXT ANALYSIS AND THE STRUCTURE OF PARADIGMS
Small, H. G. (1980) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/eb026695 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
THE NEED FOR A THEORY OF CITING
Cronin, B. (1981) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/eb026703 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Zhang, G., Ding, Y., & Milojević, S. (2013) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22850 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“13 researchers (e.g. Chubin & Moitra, 1975; Frost, 1979; Moravcsik & Murugesan, 1975; Oppenheim & Renn, 1978; Spiegel-Rosing, 1977) followed his ideas and proposed their own schemes to categorize and contextualize citations.”
BackgroundInfluentialNederhof, A. J., Zwaan, R. A., Bruin, R. E. D., & Dekker, P. (1989) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02017063 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Baird, L. M., & Oppenheim, C. (1994) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/016555159402000102 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“Various authors in the 1970s [30-33] have developed classifications of reasons that people cite.”
BackgroundMotivations for citation: A comparison of self citation and citation to others
Bonzi, S., & Snyder, H. W. (1991) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02017571 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
The distribution of references across texts: Some implications for citation analysis
Ding, Y., Liu, X., Guo, C., & Cronin, B. (2013) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2013.03.003 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) develop a taxonomy appropriate to the humanities: 1) documentation of primary sources to support an opinion or factual statement; 2) documentation of secondary sources to approve or disapprove of cited scholars; and 3) documentation of sources, either primary or secondary, to refer to…”
Theory and practice of data citation
Silvello, G. (2017) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23917 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Frost, C. (1979). The use of citations in literary research: Preliminary”
BackgroundAn annotation scheme for citation function
Teufel, S., Siddharthan, A., & Tidhar, D. (2006) · Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue · doi:10.3115/1654595.1654612 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Many classification schemes for citation functions have been developed (Weinstock, 1971; Swales, 1990; Oppenheim and Renn, 1978; Frost, 1979; Chubin and Moitra, 1975), inter alia.”
BackgroundUtilizing the Literatures in Teaching the Research Paper
Swales, J. M. (1987) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3586354 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“The qualitative end of the spectrum aims to develop adequate topologies for classifying citations (Frost, 1979; Peritz, 1983; Swales, 1986a) or to construct a defensible theory of citing (Bavelas, 1978; Cronin, 1981; Gilbert, 1977).”
BackgroundMapping library and information science in China: a coauthorship network analysis
Yan, E., Ding, Y., & Zhu, Q. (2009) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0027-9 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Although the motivation for citation varies, citation counts measure the quality and impact of articles (Garfield and Sher 1963; Frost 1979; Lawani and Bayer 1983; Baird and Oppenheim 1994).”
BackgroundReferencing in the humanities and its implications for citation analysis
Hammarfelt, B. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21256 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
A classification of citation roles for the social sciences and related fields
Peritz, B. C. (1983) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/bf02147226 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Unraveling scientific impact: Citation types in marketing journals
Stremersch, S., Camacho, N., Vanneste, S., & Verniers, I. (2015) · International Journal of Research in Marketing · doi:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2014.09.004 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Towards an Automated Citation Classifier
Garzone, M., & Mercer, R. E. (2000) · Lecture Notes in Computer Science · doi:10.1007/3-540-45486-1_28 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Literary critics at work and their information needs: A research-phases model
Chu, C. M. (1999) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/s0740-8188(99)00002-x · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Characteristics of a literature as predictors of relatedness between cited and citing works
Bonzi, S. (1982) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/asi.4630330404 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Iqbal, S., Hassan, S., Aljohani, N. R., Alelyani, S., Nawaz, R., & Bornmann, L. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-04055-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“While the systematic work to classify citations on the basis of personal judgement has begun with Frost (1979), Finney (1979) was among the originators of automated systems.”
BackgroundDeep context of citations using machine-learning models in scholarly full-text articles
Hassan, S., Imran, M., Iqbal, S., Aljohani, N. R., & Nawaz, R. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2944-y · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Citation characteristics of English-language monographs in philosophy
Cullars, J. M. (1998) · Library & Information Science Research · doi:10.1016/s0740-8188(98)90005-6 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Science and its significant other: Representing the humanities in bibliometric scholarship
Franssen, T., & Wouters, P. F. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24206 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) studied the function of citations in German literary research and makes a comparison, based on earlier research, with “scientific” disciplines.”
BackgroundThe linguistic patterns and rhetorical structure of citation context: An approach using n-grams
Bertin, M., Atanassova, I., Sugimoto, C. R., & Lariviere, V. (2016) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-016-2134-8 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“For example, philosophy exhibits more negativity overall than other studies fields (Sula and Miller 2014) and differences have been observed in how different fields cite a single work (Chang 2013; Cozzens 1985), particularly in the humanities, which vary in both form and function of citations (Frost 1979; Sula and Mil…”
BackgroundThe multilayered nature of reference selection
Camacho‐Miñano, M., & Nickel, M. N. (2009) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21018 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
THE VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY OF EVALUATION OF SCHOLARLY PERFORMANCE
Nederhof, A. J. (1988) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-70537-2.50012-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Some aspects of citation behavior: A pilot study in business administration
Prabha, C. G. (1983) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/asi.4630340305 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Scholarship and disciplinary practices
Palmer, C. L., & Cragin, M. H. (2008) · Annual Review of Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/aris.2008.1440420112 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Citations, contexts, and humanistic discourse: Toward automatic extraction and classification
Sula, C. A., & Miller, M. (2014) · Literary and Linguistic Computing · doi:10.1093/llc/fqu019 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Frost (1979), for example, distinguishes between references made to primary texts and secondary texts, treating support and disagreement as different within each category.”
BackgroundThe classification of citing motivations: a meta-synthesis
Lyu, D., Ruan, X., Xie, J., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-03908-z · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Early studies related to citation motivations generally relied on observations and analysis of facts or literature (e.g., manually analyze the citation contents) without empirical research on citing behavior (Moravcsik and Murugesan 1975; Oppenheim and Renn 1978; Frost 1979).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Citation Analysis of the Influence on Research of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior
McPherson, A., Bonem, M. K., Green, G., & Osborne, J. G. (1984) · The Behavior Analyst · doi:10.1007/bf03391898 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
A meta-analysis of semantic classification of citations
Kunnath, S. N., Herrmannova, D., Pride, D., & Knoth, P. (2021) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00159 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) addressed the question of finding classification functions common to both scientific and literary research. As subjective opinion has more importance than factual evidence in literary research, Frost (1979) designed a classification scheme specifically for humanities.”
BackgroundInfluentialNederhof, A. J., Luwel, M., & Moed, H. F. (2001) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1023/a:1010533232688 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Aljohani, N. R., Fayoumi, A. G., & Hassan, S. (2021) · Journal of Information Science · doi:10.1177/0165551521991022 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Frost [13] explains that what is being referred to can be expected to connect to the citing work in a logical way.”
BackgroundUsing Hedges to Classify Citations in Scientific Articles
Marco, C. D., Kroon, F. W., & Mercer, R. E. (2006) · The Kluwer international series on information retrieval · doi:10.1007/1-4020-4102-0_19 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…(1965) and Weinstock (1971) and the one which previously had the most categories, (Duncan et al., 1981), and it includes the full breadth of the other schemes (Cole, 1975, Finney, 1979, Frost, 1979, Lipetz, 1965, Moravscik and Murugesan, 1975, Peritz, 1983, Small, 1982, and Spiegel-Rösing, 1977).”
BackgroundEnhancing citation recommendation using citation network embedding
Pornprasit, C., Liu, X., Kiattipadungkul, P., Kertkeidkachorn, N., Kim, K., Noraset, T., Hassan, S., & Tuarob, S. (2022) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-04196-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“For example, besides content relevance, authors may choose a paper to cite to introduce baselines, mention tools, connect with different fields of study, or simply credit taken examples or snippets (Frost 1979).”
BackgroundA comparison of citation contexts between natural sciences and social sciences and humanities
Chang, Y. (2013) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-013-0956-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) classified citation functions based on a few publications in German literary research and compared the differences between monographs and journals.”
BackgroundInfluentialWang, S., Mao, J., Lü, K., Cao, Y., & Li, G. (2021) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2021.101214 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zuccala, A., van Someren, M., & van Bellen, M. (2014) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.23104 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Researchers are inclined to count and/or classify citations to and from monographs in the usual manner akin to journal articles (Cronin & Snyder, 1997; Cullars, 1992, 1998; Frost, 1979; Knievel & Kellsey, 2005; Kousha, Thelwall, & Resaie, 2011; Lewison, 2001; Nederhof, 2006).”
BackgroundLin, C. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2770-2 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Citation motivations and citation patterns within the H&SS domains are highly diverse (Brooks 1985; Cronin 1982; Frost 1979; Harwood 2009; Hellqvist 2010; Kim 2004).”
InfluentialKapseon, K. (2004) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1023/b:scie.0000013300.68224.c6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Youtie, J., Bozeman, B. L., Jabbehdari, S., & Kao, A. (2016) · Research Policy · doi:10.1016/j.respol.2016.11.001 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The influence of Taylor’s paper, Question-Negotiation and Information-Seeking in Libraries
Chang, Y. (2013) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2013.03.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Chang, Y. (2016) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2015.12.011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Citation function studies have been paid attention since 1960s (Bornmann & Daniel, 2008; Case & Higgin, 2000; Chang, 2013a; Frost, 1979; Lipetz, 1965; McCain & Turner, 1989; Moravcsik & Murugesan, 1975; Oppenheim & Renn, 1978; Spiegel-Rosing, 1977; Tohidinasab & Jamali, 2013; White & Wang, 1997).”
Halevi, G., & Moed, H. F. (2013) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.22897 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Do bibliometricians cite differently from other scholars?
Case, D. O., & Miller, J. B. (2011) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.21466 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In contrast to Harwood’s work, Snyder and Bonzi (1998) found no substantial differences in citation motivations among 51 authors in various natural science disciplines, perhaps due to methodological differences between the two studies.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSubject support in collection development: using the bibliometric tool
Yeoh, K. H., & Kaur, K. (2008) · Collection Building · doi:10.1108/01604950810913724 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Bibliometric findings are useful to follow research trends and as indicators for research evaluation (Cimmino et al., 2005; Frost, 1979), a measure for research assessment exercise for higher education (Elkin, 1999; Goodall, 2006), inter alia, assessing performance and research productivity of universities in higher e…”
BackgroundDeep learning meets bibliometrics: A survey of citation function classification
Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Sheng, Q. Z., Yao, L., Chen, H., Wang, K., Mahmood, A., Zhang, W. E., Zaib, M., Sagar, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2024.101608 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Accumulation of knowledge in para-scientific areas: the case of analytic philosophy
Petrovich, E. (2018) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-018-2796-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Frost (1979) proposes a classificatory scheme that partially aligns with the one used in the present study.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOn the “Isolation” of Humanists
Weedman, J. (1993) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365093020006001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Critical citations in knowledge construction and citation analysis: from paradox to definition
Bordignon, F. (2022) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-021-04226-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Quality and influence in literary work: evaluating the 'educated imagination'
Zuccala, A. (2012) · Research Evaluation · doi:10.1093/reseval/rvs017 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“According to Frost (1979) literary scholars normally refer to primary literary texts– i.e., vocational works, such as fiction and poetry – to support a factual statement.”
BackgroundCCRO: Citation’s Context & Reasons Ontology
Ihsan, I., & Qadir, M. A. (2019) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2019.2903450 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Woo, S., & Walsh, J. P. (2024) · Quantitative Science Studies · doi:10.1162/qss_a_00303 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Some early works used this method to illuminate the multifaceted uses of citations (Chubin & Moitra, 1975; Frost, 1979; MacRoberts & MacRoberts, 1986; Moravcsik & Murugesan, 1975).”
MethodYan, E., Chen, Z., & Li, K. (2019) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.24237 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“A large number of studies under this category have been conducted since then (Case & Higgins, 2000; Chubin & Moitra, 1975; Duncan, 1981; Frost, 1979; McCain & Salvucci, 2006; Moravcsik & Murugesan, 1975; Spiegel-Rösing, 1977), most of which developed a classification scheme based on a set of…”
BackgroundBonaccorsi, A. J., Cicero, T., Ferrara, A., et al. (2015) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.6478.1 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“…approach is considered to be of limited usefulness (Nederhof et al., 1989), not only because journals are a small fraction of total production and indexed journals are a tiny fraction of the population of journals in HSS, but also because the meaning of citations is different (Frost, 1979).”
BackgroundSome aspects of scholarly communication in linguistics: An empirical study
Zwaan, R. A., & Nederhof, A. J. (1990) · Language · doi:10.2307/414612 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Autorité scientifique et épistémique à l’épreuve de la mesure des citations
Broudoux, É. (2017) · Etudes de communication/Études de communication · doi:10.4000/edc.6841 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
How Boundary-spanning Paper Sparkles Citation: From Citation Count to Citation Network
Hou, J., Zheng, B., Wang, D., Zhang, Y., & Chen, C. (2023) · Journal of Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.joi.2023.101434 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Zhen, F., Tang, J., & Wang, X. (2019) · The Professional Geographer · doi:10.1080/00330124.2019.1611459 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lin, C., Chen, Y., & Chang, C. (2013) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.14505001134 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Many have argued against the use of citation analyses to evaluate SS&H research (Frost, 1979; Harwood, 2009; Hellqvist, 2010).”
BackgroundUnraveling Scientific Impact: Citation Types in Marketing JournalsPreprint
Stremersch, S., Camacho, N., Vanneste, S., & Verniers, I. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2511364 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Scholars in scientometrics have for long argued that different types of citation may signal different levels of scientific impact (Chubin & Moitra, 1975; Frost, 1979; Moravcsik & Murugesan, 1975).”
BackgroundAngrosh, M. A., Cranefield, S., & Stanger, N. (2012) · Natural Language Engineering · doi:10.1017/s1351324912000277 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“These studies included those of Garfield (1965); Lipetz (1965); Hodges, (1972); Moravcsik and Murugesan (1975); Chubin and Moitra (1975); Spiegel-Rosing (1977); Lindsey and Lindsey, (1978); Oppenheim and Renn, (1978); Finney, (1979); and Frost (1979).”
BackgroundAnálise de citações em textos acadêmicos escritos
de MACEDO, T. S., & Pagano, A. S. (2011) · DELTA Documentação de Estudos em Lingüística Teórica e Aplicada · doi:10.1590/s0102-44502011000200004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Citation behavior of Pondicherry University faculty in digital environment: a survey
Singson, M., Sunny, S. K., Thiyagarajan, S., & Dkhar, V. (2020) · Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication · doi:10.1108/gkmc-07-2019-0084 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Investigating and annotating the role of citation in biomedical full-text articles
Yu, H. Q., Agarwal, S., & Frid, N. (2009) · IEEE International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedicine Workshops (BIBMW) · doi:10.1109/bibmw.2009.5332080 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The literature that categorizes the relations between the cited and the citing articles is rich [6,12-24].”
Zöllner, K. (1990) · Poetics · doi:10.1016/0304-422x(90)90025-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Instruments of cognition: Use of citations and Web links in online teaching materials
Coleman, A. S. (2004) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.20125 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“The undergraduate students enrolled in Geographic Information Science for Geography and Regional Development used web links more often than citations, but clearly did not see them as key to enhancing learning.”
BackgroundInfluentialChan, H. T., & Kwan, B. S. C. (2023) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2023.08.001 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Citation Functions in the Opening Phase of Research Articles: A Corpus-based Comparative Study
Lin, K. L., & Sui, S. X. (2020) · The M. A. K. Halliday library functional linguistics series · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-4771-3_10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Investigating Facets to Characterise Citations for Scholars
Iorio, A. D., Limpens, F., Peroni, S., Rotondi, A., Tsatsaronis, G., & Achtsivassilis, J. (2018) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-01379-0_11 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the function of citations in ancient Chinese literature
Shu, F., Qiu, J., Shu, S., & Larivière, V. (2019) · Proceedings of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/pra2.50 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Persistent Problems for a Bibliometrics of Social Sciences and Humanities and How to Overcome Them.
Gläser, J., & Oltersdorf, J. (2019) · ISSI · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kim, K. (2002) · Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science · doi:10.4275/kslis.2002.36.4.021 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Langham, T. (1995) · Journal of Documentation · doi:10.1108/eb026955 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Citation proximus: The role of social and semantic ties on citations
Kozlowski, D., Pradier, C., Benz, P., Shokida, N. S., Andersen, J. P., & Larivière, V. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335366 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While one would expect that citing and cited papers would be thematically related [40], only recently computational methods allowed for large-scale robust comparisons of documents [41].”
Bonaccorsi, A. J., Ferrara, A., & Malgarini, M. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-68554-0_11 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Citation behavior in literary research
Mayumi, I. (1985) · Library and Information Science · doi:10.46895/lis.22.119 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Thinking with images: An exploration into information retrieval and knowledge generation
Weedman, J. (2002) · Proceedings of the American Society for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/meet.1450390141 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Nature of citations: A review of literature
Shu, F., & Jia, K. (2026) · Data Science and Informetrics · doi:10.1016/j.dsim.2026.100034 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Grav, P. F. (2019) · Discourse and Writing/Rédactologie · doi:10.31468/cjsdwr.728 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hughes, J. (2013) · Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00131881.2013.767023 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
de Amorim, M. J. T. (1981) · Educar em Revista · doi:10.1590/0104-4060.020 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Weber, K. (2022) · Reformation and Renaissance Review · doi:10.1080/14622459.2022.2100304 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Citer Motivations [ELIS Classic]
(2017) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1081/e-elis4-120044756
The Quality of Citations: Towards Quantifying Qualitative Impact in Social Science ResearchPreprint
Bauer, P. C., Barberá, P., & Munzert, S. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2874549 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Lin, L. (2019) · Corpora and intercultural studies · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9204-8_2
Evaluation of the Demand for Online Scientific Publication by Web-Analytics Tools.
Revyakin, Y. G. (2020)
(1991) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humr.1991.4.3-4.423
Evaluating the Work of JudgesPreprint
Hook, P. A. (2018) · doi:10.31228/osf.io/968zk
Knowledge Accumulation in Analytic Philosophy
Petrovich, E. (2024) · Quantitative methods in the humanities and social sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-53200-9_5
Discourse Synthesis in Academic Writing: Rhetorical Functions at the Cited-Cited LevelPreprint
Cookson, C. J. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5431247
Multi-intent prediction of scientific literature based on heterogeneous graph fusion network
Quan, Z., Mao, J., & Li, G. (2025) · Scientometrics · doi:10.1007/s11192-025-05493-x
Cookson, C. J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6391160
Cookson, C. J. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6439623
- Authors
- Frost, C. O.
- Corresponding author
- Carolyn O. Frost
- Venue
- The Library Quarterly
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1979-10
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 399-414
- ISSN
- 0024-2519 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-652X
- OpenAlex
- W22250617
- Semantic Scholar
- 5aa23bbfbad7f26f0cc73195c7bdae74e4d432e3
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Library Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › scientometrics and bibliometrics research
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Library Science and Information
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Academic Writing and Publishing
- Keywords
- citation functions, citation classification, literary studies, German literary studies, citation practices, research methodology
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
