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The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
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The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) is a fully-automated, wide-field survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky. The transient survey is performed using a new 8.1 square degree camera installed on the 48 inch Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory; colors and light curves for detected transients are obtained with the automated Palomar 60 inch telescope. PTF uses 80% of the 1.2 m and 50% of the 1.5 m telescope time. With an exposure of 60 s the survey reaches a depth of m g ′ ≈ 21.3 and m R ≈ 20.6 (5σ, median seeing). Four major experiments are planned for the five-year project: (1) a 5 day cadence supernova search; (2) a rapid transient search with cadences between 90 s and 1 day; (3) a search for eclipsing binaries and transiting planets in Orion; and (4) a 3π sr deep H-alpha survey. PTF provides automatic, real-time transient classification and follow-up, as well as a database including every source detected in each frame. This paper summarizes the PTF project, including several months of on-sky performance tests of the new survey camera, the observing plans, and the data reduction strategy. We conclude by detailing the first 51 PTF optical transient detections, found in commissioning data.
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“Recent surveys have shown the power of measuring variability of celestial sources for studying gravitational lensing, searching for SNe, determining the physical properties of gamma-ray burst sources, discovering gravitational wave counterparts, probing the structure of active galactic nuclei ( AGNs ) , studying variable star populations, discovering exoplanets, and many other subjects at the fore”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Law et al. 2009
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Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
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Self-citationAutomated Probabilistic Classification of Transients and VariablesPreprint
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Self-citationTowards a real‐time transient classification engine
Bloom, J. S., Starr, D., Butler, N., Nugent, P., Rischard, M., Eads, D. R., & Poznanski, D. (2008) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200710957 · Cited by 22 · cited 2×
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- M. S. acknowledges sup- port from the Royal Society and the University of Oxford Fell Fund. REFERENCES
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Schroeder, G., Ho, A. Y. Q., Dastidar, R. G., Modjaz, M., Corsi, A., & Duffell, P. C. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae129b · Cited by 10
“We utilize a sample of 14 SNe Ic-bl detected by the Palomar Transient Factory ( PTF, N. M. Law et al. 2009 ) a galaxy-untargeted survey between 2009 and 2012.”
Coordinated time variability of multi-phase ultra-fast outflows in J132216.25 + 052446.3
Aromal, P., Srianand, R., & Petitjean, P. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1460 · Cited by 10
A search for gravitationally lensed supernovae within the Zwicky transient facility public survey
Magee, M., de Murieta, A. S., Collett, T. E., & Enzi, W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2263 · Cited by 10
The Mini-SiTian Array: the Mini-SiTian Real-time Image Processing Pipeline (STRIP)
Gu, H., Huang, Y., Sun, Y., Xiao, K., Li, Z., Wang, B., Fan, Z., Zheng, C., Han, H., Zou, H., et al. (2025) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/adc790 · Cited by 10
Supernovae at distances <40 Mpc
Ma, X., Wang, X., Mo, J., Howell, D. A., Pellegrino, C., Zhang, J., Wu, C., Yan, S., Liu, D., Arcavi, I., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202452685 · Cited by 10
Self-citationIn Search of Short Gamma-Ray Burst Optical Counterparts with the Zwicky Transient Facility
Ahumada, T., Anand, S., Coughlin, M. W., Andreoni, I., Kool, E. C., Kumar, H., Reusch, S., Carracedo, A. S., Stein, R., Cenko, S. B., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac6c29 · Cited by 10
“…(Singer et al. 2013, 2015) have successfully found optical counterparts to GBM LGRBs using the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iIPTF) (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009), and other have serendipitously found orphan afterglows and LGRBs using ZTF (Andreoni et al. 2021; Ho et al. 2022).”
MethodSelf-citationThe Evryscope Fast Transient Engine: Real-time Detection for Rapidly Evolving Transients
Corbett, H., Carney, J., Gonzalez, R., Fors, O., Galliher, N., Glazier, A., Howard, W. S., Law, N. M., Quimby, R., Ratzloff, J. K., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/acbd41 · Cited by 10
“Similar approaches have been used for PTF; Bloom et al. 2008; Law et al. 2009), iPTF (Brink et al. 2013), DES (Goldstein et al. 2015), and, most recently, ZTF (Duev et al. 2019; Mahabal et al. 2019) and GOTO (Killestein et al. 2021).”
MethodSelf-citationON THE CAPABILITIES OF SURVEY TELESCOPES OF MODERATE SIZE
Terebizh, V. Y. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/5/121 · Cited by 10
“Some such systems using previously built telescopes are at work today effectively, in particular, the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009) and the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (Djorgovski et al. 2011).”
MethodJha, S., Katz, D. S., Luckow, A., Hong, N. C., RANA, O. F., & Simmhan, Y. L. (2017) · Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience · doi:10.1002/cpe.4032 · Cited by 10
Radio transients from newborn black holes
Kashiyama, K., Hotokezaka, K., & Murase, K. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1145 · Cited by 10
“UV/optical transients with a duration of a few days is now being explored by e.g., PTF (Law et al. 2009), PanSTARRS (Hodapp et al. 2004), and Subaru HSC (Miyazaki et al. 2012).”
MethodHijikawa, K., Kinugawa, T., Yoshida, T., & Umeda, H. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab321c · Cited by 10
“3.1. intermediate Palomar Transient Factory iPTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) uses CFHT 12k mosaic camera on the 48 inch (1.2 meter) Samuel Oschin Schmidt Telescope at Palomar Observatory (P48).”
MethodInfluentialOn the Origin of SN 2016hil—A Type II Supernova in the Remote Outskirts of an Elliptical Host
Irani, I., Schulze, S., Gal-Yam, A., Lunnan, R., Brink, T. G., Zheng, W., Filippenko, A. V., Yang, Y., de Jaeger, T., Nugent, P. E., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab505d · Cited by 10
“These include the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), its inheritor the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Kulkarni 2013), the All Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN; Shappee et al. 2014), the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS; Tonry et al.…”
BackgroundSelf-citationPan, X., Zhou, H., Liu, W., Лю, Б., Ji, T., Shi, X., Zhang, S., Jiang, P., Wang, H., & Hao, L. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab40b5 · Cited by 10
“9+324133) V-band magnitude varied at a level of ∼0.08 mag between 2005 May 5 and 2013 June 7, and PTF (Palomar Transient Factory; Law et al. 2009) magnitude varied at a level of ∼0.04 mag between 2013 January 13 and 2014 April 4; both of the magnitude fluctuations are consistent with their measurement uncertainties, a…”
BackgroundInfluentialGültekin, K., Burke-Spolaor, S., Lauer, T. R., Lazio, T. J. W., Moustakas, L. A., Ogle, P., & Postman, M. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abc483 · Cited by 10
Constraints on the Rate of Supernovae Lasting for More Than a Year from Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
Moriya, T. J., Jiang, J.-A., Yasuda, N., Kokubo, M., Kawana, K., Maeda, K., Pan, Y.-C., Quimby, R. M., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, I., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abcfc0 · Cited by 10
Self-citationSpringer, O., & Ofek, E. O. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1600 · Cited by 10
Self-citationPATHA: Performance Analysis Tool for HPC Applications
Yoo, W., Koo, M. S., Cao, Y., Sim, A., Nugent, P., & Wu, K. J. (2015) · IEEE International Performance, Computing, and Communications Conference · doi:10.1109/pccc.2015.7410313 · Cited by 10
“We used the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) [14][18] application to evaluate PATHA by analyzing performance measurement data collected on the NERSC Edison cluster.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationWhite dwarf dynamical interactions and fast optical transients
García-Berro, E., Badenes, C., Aznar–Siguán, G., & Lorén–Aguilar, P. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx813 · Cited by 10
“The total mass of Ca for SN 2005E is 0.135M (Perets et al. 2010), and substantially smaller, 0.054M , for PTF 10iuv (Kasliwal et al. 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe hierarchical triple nature of the former red nova precursor candidate KIC 9832227
Kovacs, G., Hartman, J. D., & Bakos, G. Á. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936207 · Cited by 10
“Because of excessive errors or improper phase coverage, although certain observations were available, they were not used (e.g., data from the Palomar Transient Factory project; see Rau et al. 2009 and Law et al. 2009).”
MethodIzzo, L., Thöne, C. C., García-Benito, R., Postigo, A. D. U., Cano, Z., Kann, D. A., Bensch, K., Valle, M. D., Galadí-Enríquez, D., & Hedrosa, R. P. (2018) · DIGITAL.CSIC (Spanish National Research Council (CSIC)) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731766 · Cited by 9
“…absolute peak magnitudes in any optical band of <−21 mag (Gal-Yam 2012) and were detected for the first time a decade ago, thanks to the advent of new untargeted large-scale surveys probing all types of galaxies (Kaiser & Pan-STARRS Team 2005; Drake et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009; Tonry et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMain-belt and Trojan asteroid phase curves from the ATLAS survey
Robinson, J. E., Fitzsimmons, A., Young, D. R., Bannister, M. T., Denneau, L., Erasmus, N., Lawrence, A., Siverd, R. J., & Tonry, J. L. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae966 · Cited by 10
Freeburn, J., Cooke, J., Möller, A., Dobie, D., Zhang, J., Salafia, O. S., Siellez, K., Auchettl, K., Goode, S., Abbott, T. M. C., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1489 · Cited by 9
Qin, Y.-J., & Zabludoff, A. I. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1921 · Cited by 9
Radio Follow-up Observations of SN 2023ixf by Japanese and Korean Very Long Baseline Interferometers
Iwata, Y., Akimoto, M., Matsuoka, T., Maeda, K., Yonekura, Y., Tominaga, N., Moriya, T. J., Fujisawa, K., Niinuma, K., Yoon, S.-C., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9a62 · Cited by 9
Bhattacharjee, S., Kulkarni, S. R., Kong, A. K. H., Tam, M. S., Bond, H. E., El-Badry, K., Caiazzo, I., Chornay, N., Graham, M. J., Rodriguez, A. C., et al. (2025) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ada702 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDisappearance of a massive star in the Andromeda Galaxy due to formation of a black hole
De, K., MacLeod, M., Jencson, J. E., Lovegrove, E., Antoni, A., Kara, E., Kasliwal, M. M., Lau, R. M., Loeb, A., Masterson, M., et al. (2026) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.adt4853 · Cited by 9
Self-citationWang, J., Zheng, W. K., Xu, D., Brink, T. G., Filippenko, A. V., Gao, C. D., Sun, S. S., & Wei, J. Y. (2021) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ac3477 · Cited by 9
Self-citationpyobs - An Observatory Control System for Robotic Telescopes
Husser, T.-O., Hessman, F. V., Martens, S., Masur, T., Royen, K., & Schäfer, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Sciences · doi:10.3389/fspas.2022.891486 · Cited by 9
Machine learning-based search for cataclysmic variables within Gaia Science Alerts
Mistry, D., Copperwheat, C. M., Darnley, M. J., & Olier, I. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2760 · Cited by 9
Takahashi, A., Matsuoka, Y., Onoue, M., Strauss, M. A., Kashikawa, N., Toba, Y., Iwasawa, K., Imanishi, M., Akiyama, M., Kawaguchi, T., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad045e · Cited by 9
“On the other hand, SDSS-IV/eBOSS selected targets based on three imaging data: SDSS, Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer ( WISE : Wright et al. 2010), and the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009).”
MethodDetection of periodicity based on serial dependence of phase-folded data
Zucker, S. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv509 · Cited by 9
“Large Time-domain surveys arelready running (e.g. PTF (Law et al. 2009), CRTF (Drake et al. 2012), Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2010)) or planned (e.g. LSST (LSST Science Collaboration 2009)), and some space-based astronomical missions are basically time-domain surveys (e.g.Kepler (Koch et al.…”
BackgroundSEARCHING FOR Be STARS IN THE OPEN CLUSTER NGC 663
(俞伯傑), P. C. Y., (林建爭), C. C. L., (陳文屏), W. P. C., (李建德), C. D. L., (葉永烜), W. H. I., (饒兆聰), C. C. N., (良主嶺, R. L., Surace, J., & Kulkarni, S. R. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/43 · Cited by 9
“The PTF is an automated, wide-field survey with a 7.3 square-deg field of view (Law et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationKao, W., Kaplan, D. L., Prince, T. A., Tang, S., Ene, I., Kim, K. B., Levitan, D., Kulkarni, S. R., & Laher, R. R. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1434 · Cited by 9
“…the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDS ; Rebassa-Mansergas et al. 2012), or looking for periodic variations in the light curve of the source using large synoptic surveyssuch as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and Catalin Real-Time Transient Sky Survey (CRTS; Mahabal et al. 2011).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationDistributed asteroid discovery system for large astronomical data
Huang, C.-S., Tsai, M.-F., Huang, P.-H., Su, L.-D., & Lee, K.-S. (2017) · Journal of Network and Computer Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jnca.2017.03.013 · Cited by 9
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) (2008) (Law et al., 2009; Rau et al., 2009) is an international astronomical collaboration to explore the transient and variable sky synoptically.”
BackgroundAn Asymmetric Eclipse Seen toward the Pre-main-sequence Binary System V928 Tau
van Dam, D. V., Kenworthy, M., David, T., Mamajek, E., Hillenbrand, L., Cody, A., Howard, A., Isaacson, H., Ciardi, D., Rebull, L., et al. (2020) · Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abc259 · Cited by 4
Self-citationYY Hya and its interstellar environment
Kimeswenger, S., Thorstensen, J. R., Fesen, R. A., Drechsler, M., Strottner, X., Germiniani, M., Steindl, T., Przybilla, N., Weil, K. E., & Rupert, J. D. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039787 · Cited by 9
Radiative Diffusion in a Time-dependent Outflow: a Model for Fast Blue Optical Transients
Chen, C., & Shen, R.-F. (2022) · Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1088/1674-4527/ac488a · Cited by 9
A Distance Measurement to M33 Using Optical Photometry of Mira Variables
Ou, J., Ngeow, C., Bhardwaj, A., Graham, M. J., Laher, R. R., Masci, F. J., & Riddle, R. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb7e3 · Cited by 9
“We then extracted the RPTF-band light curves for the M33 Miras from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and the intermediate PTF (iPTF; Kulkarni 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationOn the optical counterparts of radio transients and variables
Stewart, A. J., Muñoz-Darias, T., Fender, R. P., & Pietka, M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1671 · Cited by 9
“At optical wavelengths, surveys such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rahmer et al. 2008; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) and those using the Pan-STARRS1 telescope (Tonry et al. 2012) have produced a high yield of transient sources (e.g. Drout et al. 2014; Cenko et al. 2015, and the…”
MethodFuzzy Supernova Templates II: Parameter EstimationPreprint
Rodney, S., & Tonry, J. L. (2016) · Cited by 9
Li, M. L., Ho, A. Y. Q., Ryan, G., Perley, D. A., Lamb, G. P., Nayana, A. J., Andreoni, I., Anupama, G. C., Bellm, E. C., Berger, E., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adc800 · Cited by 8
“Prior to the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF; Graham et al. 2019; Bellm et al. 2019a,b; Dekany et al. 2020; Masci et al. 2019), only one such event, PTF 11agg (Cenko et al. 2013), was discovered, found by the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009).”
Self-citationFranz, N., Alexander, K. D., Gómez, S., Christy, C. T., Laskar, T., van Velzen, S., Earl, N., Gezari, S., Karmen, M., Margutti, R., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae346e · Cited by 8
Capability of Quasar Selection by Combining SCUSS and SDSS Observations
Zou, H., Wu, X.-B., Zhou, X., Wang, S., Jiang, L., Fan, X., Fan, Z., Jiang, Z., Jing, Y., Lesser, M., et al. (2015) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/680212 · Cited by 8
Capability of Quasar Selection by Combining SCUSS and SDSS Observations
Zou, H., Wu, X.-B., Zhou, X., Wang, S., Jiang, L., Fan, X., Fan, Z., Jiang, Z., Jing, Y., Lesser, M. P., et al. (2015) · Cited by 8
A novel method for transient detection in high-cadence optical surveys
Soraisam, M., Гильфанов, М. Р., Kupfer, T., Masci, F. J., Shafter, A. W., Prince, T. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Ofek, E. O., & Bellm, E. C. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629368 · Cited by 8
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) survey (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009; Ofek et al. 2012) was succeeded by iPTF in 2013.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPossible circumstellar interaction origin of the early excess emission in thermonuclear supernovae
Hu, M., Wang, L., Wang, X., & Wang, L. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2340 · Cited by 8
The ZTF Source Classification Project. III. A Catalog of Variable Sources
Healy, B. F., Coughlin, M. W., Mahabal, A. A., du Laz, T. J., Drake, A. J., Graham, M. J., Hillenbrand, L. A., van Roestel, J., Szkody, P., Zielske, L., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad33c6 · Cited by 11
“Surveys such as ASAS (Pojmanski 2002), NSVS (Wo´zniak et al. 2004; Hoffman et al. 2009), PTF (Law et al. 2009), the Catalina Surveys (Drake et al. 2014, 2017), and ASAS-SN (Kochanek et al. 2017; Jayasinghe et al. 2018) have provided photometric time series data for millions of sources, facilitating…”
MethodSelf-citationSecond generation Robo-AO instruments and systems
Baranec, C. J., Riddle, R., Law, N. M., Chun, M., Lu, J. R., Connelley, M. S., Hall, D. N. B., Atkinson, D. E., & Jacobson, S. M. (2014) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2055552 · Cited by 8
Self-citationOptical photometry and spectroscopy of the low-luminosity, broad-lined Ic supernova iPTF15dld
Pian, E., Tomasella, L., Cappellaro, E., Benetti, S., Mazzali, P. A., Baltay, C., Branchesi, M., Brocato, E., Campana, S., Copperwheat, C. M., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw3247 · Cited by 8
Self-citationLong-term Periodicities of Cataclysmic Variables with Synoptic Surveys
Yang, M. T.-C., Chou, Y., Ngeow, C., Hu, C.-P., Su, Y.-H., Prince, T. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Levitan, D., Laher, R., Surace, J., et al. (2017) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aa7a99 · Cited by 8
“The PTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) project began observing in 2009.7 The Samuel Oschin Telescope, a 48-in Schmidt telescope with Mould R, SDSS ¢g , and several H-α filters was adopted for the survey.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationA Rapidly Declining Transient Discovered with the Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam
Tominaga, N., Morokuma, T., Tanaka, M., Yasuda, N., Furusawa, H., Tanaka, M., Jiang, J.-A., Tolstov, A., Blinnikov, S., Doi, M., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab425c · Cited by 8
“…as short as 1day have been intensively investigated by transient surveys with wide-field cameras, e.g., the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) and Zwicky Transient Facility (Graham et al. 2019) with a 1.2m telescope, the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey…”
BackgroundShivkumar, H., Jaodand, A., Balasubramanian, A., Fremling, C., Corsi, A., Tzanidakis, A., Nissanke, S., Kasliwal, M. M., Brightman, M., Raaijmakers, G., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acd5d5 · Cited by 8
“Systematic all-sky surveys such as Zwicky Transient Facility (Bellm et al. 2019; Graham et al. 2019) and intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Law et al. 2009) have accelerated searches for rapidly evolving transients (e.g., Ho et al. 2020; Andreoni et al. 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationOPTICAL SYNCHROTRON PRECURSORS OF RADIO HYPERNOVAE
Nakauchi, D., Kashiyama, K., Nagakura, H., Suwa, Y., & Nakamura, T. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/2/164 · Cited by 8
“The dashed lines show the 5σ sensitivity of the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, 60 s; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009), Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS, 180 s; Morokuma et al. 2014), Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS, 30 s; Kaiser et al. 2002), and Large Synoptic Survey…”
BackgroundVI-BAND FOLLOW-UP OBSERVATIONS OF ULTRA-LONG-PERIOD CEPHEID CANDIDATES IN M31
Ngeow, C., Lee, C., Yang, M. T.-C., Lin, C.-S., Hsiao, H.-Y., Cheng, Y., Lin, Z.-Y., Lin, I.-L., Kanbur, S. M., & Ip, W. (2015) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-6256/149/2/66 · Cited by 8
“Therefore, we have initiated a program to search for ULPCs in M31 by using data from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
MethodMining R Coronae Borealis stars from Catalina surveys
Lee, C. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424638 · Cited by 8
R CORONAE BOREALIS STARS IN M31 FROM THE PALOMAR TRANSIENT FACTORY
Tang, S., Cao, Y., Bildsten, L., Nugent, P., Bellm, E. C., Kulkarni, S. R., Laher, R., Levitan, D., Masci, F., Ofek, E. O., et al. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/767/2/l23 · Cited by 8
“The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) has been monitoring M31 intensively since 2009.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationParallel Variable Selection for Effective Performance Prediction
Wang, J., Yoo, W., Sim, A., Nugent, P., & Wu, K. J. (2017) · IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid) · doi:10.1109/ccgrid.2017.47 · Cited by 8
“It is a wide-field automated survey that records images of transient objects in the sky [6].”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationKimura, S. S., Murase, K., & Mészáros, P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa989b · Cited by 8
“The current optical surveys with a sensitivity of ∼21 mag, such as Pan-STARRS (Hodapp et al. 2004), PTF (Law et al. 2009), and KISS (Morokuma et al. 2014), imply a detectability distance for TLSSNe of ∼200 Mpc. Assuming that the event rate of TLSSNe is similar to the merger rate of BBHs, 10 200 Gpc…”
ResultInfluentialA Case Study of On-the-fly Wide-field Radio Imaging Applied to the Gravitational Wave Event GW151226
Mooley, K. P., Frail, D. A., Myers, S. T., Kulkarni, S. R., Hotokezaka, K., Singer, L. P., Horesh, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Cenko, S. B., & Hallinan, G. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aab7f3 · Cited by 8
“…et al. (2016) and Bhalerao et al. (2017) have taken the approach of carrying out radio follow-up of opticallyselected candidates, identified from wide-field imaging surveys such as the Dark Energy Camera (DECam; Cowperthwaite et al. 2016) or the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationDistributed caching for processing raw arrays
Zhao, W., Rusu, F., Dong, B., Wu, K. J., Ho, A. Y. Q., & Nugent, P. (2018) · International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management · doi:10.1145/3221269.3221295 · Cited by 8
Self-citationAccelerating array joining with integrated value-index
Xing, H., & Agrawal, G. (2019) · International Conference on Scientific and Statistical Database Management · doi:10.1145/3335783.3335790 · Cited by 8
“Today, projects such as the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope [15], NASA Earth Exchange [30] and Palomar Transient Factory [20] collect GiBs, if not TiBs data daily.”
MethodThe Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP transient survey in COSMOS: Overview
Yasuda, N., Tanaka, M., Tominaga, N., Jiang, J., Moriya, T., Morokuma, T., Suzuki, N., Takahashi, I., Yamaguchi, M., Maeda, K., et al. (2019) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 8
Searching for Be Stars in the Open Clusters with PTF/iPTF. I. Cluster Sample and Be Star Candidates
Yu, P., Yu, C.-H., Lee, C.-D., Lin, C.-C., Hsia, C.-H., Chang, C.-K., Chen, I.-C., Ngeow, C., Ip, W.-H., Chen, W.-P., et al. (2018) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/aaa45b · Cited by 8
“Modern surveys with wide field cameras, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and intermediate PTF10 (iPTF; Kulkarni 2013), benefit not only from time saving in a comprehensive survey, but also the coverage of an entire cluster occupying a wide sky area.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationPian, E., Mazzali, P. A., Moriya, T. J., Rubin, A., Gal‐Yam, A., Arcavi, I., Ben-Ami, S., Blagorodnova, N., Bufano, F., Filippenko, A. V., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2191 · Cited by 8
“…this paper), when it was already past its maximum brightness, PTF11rka had already been detected by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009) on 2011 C© 2020 The Author(s) Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society nloaded from…”
BackgroundSelf-citationFUZZY SUPERNOVA TEMPLATES. II. PARAMETER ESTIMATION
Rodney, S. A., & Tonry, J. L. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/715/1/323 · Cited by 8
“Projects such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009), and Pan-STARRS 1 (PS1; Kaiser et al. 2002) are already beginning to amass SN samples that will eventually number in the thousands.”
MethodDetecting Long-period Variability in the SDSS Stripe 82 Standards Catalog
Fatović, M., Palaversa, L., Tisanić, K., Thanjavur, K., Ivezić, Ž., Kovačević, A. B., Ilić, D., & Popović, L. Č. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/acb596 · Cited by 7
“…(OGLE, Udalski et al. 1997; Udalski 2003), the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (Drake et al. 2009), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009), Gaia (Gaia Collaboration et al. 2018, 2022), and the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF, Bellm et al. 2019) to name but a few, have…”
MethodHillenbrand, L. A., Carvalho, A. S., Stern, D. K., Connelley, M. S., Paolino, F. P., Shetty, A., Milby, Z., & Isaacson, H. T. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ade14d · Cited by 7
The Outer Galactic Halo As Probed By RR Lyr Stars From the Palomar Transient Facility + Keck
Cohen, J. G., Sesar, B., & Banholzer, S. R. (2016) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 7
Kilonova Seekers: the GOTO project for real-time citizen science in time-domain astrophysics
Killestein, T. L., Kelsey, L., Wickens, E. G., Nuttall, L. K., Lyman, J. D., Krawczyk, C., Ackley, K., Dyer, M. J., Jiménez-Ibarra, F., Ulaczyk, K., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1817 · Cited by 7
Towards multi-messenger observations of core-collapse supernovae harbouring choked jets
Zegarelli, A., Guetta, D., Celli, S., Gagliardini, S., Palma, I. D., & Bartos, I. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450109 · Cited by 7
Kulkarni, S. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s174392131200021x · Cited by 7
“PTF (see Law et al. 2009) consists of two dedicated telescopes: the P48, with a large field of view (7.2 deg2), acting as the Discovery Engine, and the Palomar 60-inch (P60) acting as the Photometric Engine.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe accelerating universe and dark energy
Baltay, C. (2014) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271814300122 · Cited by 7
Low-frequency radio observations of SN 2011dh and the evolution of its post-shock plasma properties
Yadav, N., Ray, A. K., & Chakraborti, S. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw594 · Cited by 7
“It was discovered in the optical by A.Riou on 2011 May 31.89 UT;Griga et al. 2011and on 2011 Jun 01.19 UT by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF,Law et al. 2009; Rau c© 0000 The Authors et al. 2009); Silverman et al. 2011.”
BackgroundInfluentialIceCube real-time alert system
Satalecka, K., & for the IceCube Collaboration (2017) · AIP conference proceedings · doi:10.1063/1.4969015 · Cited by 7
A systematic study of spiral density waves in the accretion discs of cataclysmic variables
Ruiz-Carmona, R., Groot, P., & Steeghs, D. T. H. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2992 · Cited by 7
“We use the hundreds of CVs identified by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) to ensure that at any time we can find a number of systems in outburst to follow up spectroscopically.”
BackgroundMethodHO Puppis: Not a Be Star, but a Newly Confirmed IW And-type Star
Lee, C.-D., Ou, J., Yu, P., Ngeow, C., Huang, P.-C., Ip, W., Hambsch, F.-J., Sung, H.-I., van Roestel, J., Dekany, R., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abe871 · Cited by 7
“In recent years, we have studied the evolutionary effect on the formation of Be stars in open clusters (Yu et al. 2015, 2016, 2018) using the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Kulkarni 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationDeep-learning real/bogus classification for the Tomo-e Gozen transient survey
Takahashi, I., Hamasaki, R., Ueda, N., Tanaka, M., Tominaga, N., Sako, S., Ohsawa, R., & Yoshida, N. (2022) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psac047 · Cited by 7
“For example, in Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), an order of 106 potential candidates are detected per night (Brink et al. 2013).”
Lezmy, J., Copin, Y., Rigault, M., Smith, M., & Neill, J. D. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244740 · Cited by 7
Using LSST late-time photometry to constrain Type Ibc supernovae and their progenitors
Dessart, L., Prieto, J. L., Hillier, D. J., Kuncarayakti, H., & Hueichapan, E. D. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244413 · Cited by 7
Rusu, F., Nugent, P., & Wu, K. J. (2014) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05693-7_4 · Cited by 7
Self-citationRemote Observatory for Variable Object Research (ROVOR)
Moody, J. W., Boizelle, B. D., Bates, K. W., Little, B., McCombs, T. A., Nelson, J., Pace, C., Pearson, R. L., Harrison, J. B., Brown, P. J., et al. (2012) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/667712 · Cited by 7
“Among these are Near-Earth Object searches (Stokes et al. 2000, LINEAR; Pravdo et al. 1999, NEAT; Drake et al. 2009,CRTS), extrasolar planet surveys (e.g. Bakos et al. 2004, HATNet; Pollacco et al. 2006, SuperWASP; Nutzman and Charbonneau 2008, MEarth; Eastman 2011, DEMONEX; Pepper et al. 2007, KELT), imaging optical…”
BackgroundKimura, S. S., Murase, K., & Mészáros, P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa988b · Cited by 7
“…range of the expected values, it is possible to detect PIATs with current surveys, such as the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS; Hodapp et al. 2004), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), and the Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS; Morokuma et al. 2014).”
BackgroundAutomated Transient Detection with Shapelet Analysis in Image-subtracted Data
Ackley, K., Eikenberry, S. S., Yildirim, C., Klimenko, S., & Garner, A. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3c4b · Cited by 7
“We use a selection of archival intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) Data Release 1,2, and 3 (DR1, DR2, DR3) and Dark Energy Camera (DECam Flaugher et al. 2015) Dark Energy Survey Year 1 (DESY1) images of varying quality in terms of background and seeing.”
BackgroundMethodFroebrich, D., Scholz, A., Eislöffel, J., & Stecklum, B. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2275 · Cited by 7
BEACONS IN THE DARK: USING NOVAE AND SUPERNOVAE TO DETECT DWARF GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE
Conroy, C., & Bullock, J. S. (2015) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 7
Multiple giant eruptions and X-ray emission in the recoiling AGN/LBV candidate SDSS1133
Kokubo, M. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1685 · Cited by 7
Virtual Environment for Testing Software-Defined Networking Solutions for Scientific Workflows
Liu, Q., Rao, N. S. V., Sen, S., Settlemyer, B. W., Chen, H., Boley, J. M., Kettimuthu, R., & Katramatos, D. (2018) · doi:10.1145/3217197.3217202 · Cited by 7
“For example, in cosmology, the raw data generated by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) [10] survey are processed by a near-real-time computational code at a remote national laboratory to identify optical transients within minutes of images being taken.”
MethodThe hierarchical triple nature of the former red nova precursor candidate KIC 9832227
Kovács, G., Hartman, J. D., & Bakos, G. Á. (2019) · Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201936207/pdf · Cited by 7
An Outburst by AM CVn Binary SDSS J113732.32+405458.3
Wong, T. L. S., van Roestel, J., Kupfer, T., & Bildsten, L. (2021) · Research Notes of the AAS · doi:10.3847/2515-5172/abd7fa · Cited by 7
Self-citationSupermassive binary black holes and current status of their multimessenger observations
Lu, Y. (2025) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/1361-6382/adc4b0 · Cited by 6
Active Galactic Nuclei Do Not Exhibit Strictly Sinusoidal Brightness Variations
El-Badry, K., Hogg, D. W., & Rix, H. (2026) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ae3f56 · Cited by 6
“…data from ground-based surveys, including the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey ( CRTS; Drake et al. 2009 ) , the Palomar Transient Factory ( PTF; Law et al. 2009 ) , the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System ( Pan-STARRS; Chambers et al. 2016 ) , and the Zwicky Transient Facility…”
Multifilter UV to Near-infrared Data-driven Light-curve Templates for Stripped-envelope Supernovae
Khakpash, S., Bianco, F. B., Modjaz, M., Fortino, W. F., Gagliano, A. T., Larison, C., & Pritchard, T. A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad7eaa · Cited by 6
Optical synoptic telescopes: new science frontiers
Tyson, T. (2010) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.862582 · Cited by 6
COMPARISON OF DIVERSITY OF TYPE IIB SUPERNOVAE WITH ASYMMETRY IN CASSIOPEIA A USING LIGHT ECHOES
Finn, K., Bianco, F. B., Modjaz, M., Liu, Y.-Q., & Rest, A. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/830/2/73 · Cited by 6
“This of course will change in the near future: modern and future synoptic surveys, starting with PTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009), PanSTARRS (Tonry et al. 2012), DECAM (The Dark Energy Survey Collaboration 2005), ZTF (Smith et al. 2014), and culminating with LSST (LSST Science Collaboration et al. 2009), are dis…”
BackgroundGürkan, G., Croston, J. H., Hardcastle, M. J., Mahatma, V. H., Mingo, B., & Williams, W. L. (2021) · Galaxies · doi:10.3390/galaxies10010002 · Cited by 6
“The SDSS, Wide-field Survey Explorer [WISE;] [31] and the Palomar Transient Factory [PTF;] [32,33] imaging data were used to select target quasars.”
MethodASTEROIDS INGALEX: NEAR-ULTRAVIOLET PHOTOMETRY OF THE MAJOR TAXONOMIC GROUPS
Waszczak, A., Ofek, E. O., & Kulkarni, S. R. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/809/1/92 · Cited by 6
Self-citationFusillo, N. P. G., Hermes, J. J., & Gänsicke, B. T. (2015) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2493 · Cited by 6
“CRTS, Drake 2014; PTF, Law et al. 2009; EVRYSCOPE, Law et al. 2015; Pan-STARRS, Morgan et al. 2014; Gaia, Walton 2014; LSST, Ivezic et al. 2011).”
Finding binary active galactic nuclei candidates by the centroid shift in imaging surveys
Liu, Y. M. (2016) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628430 · Cited by 6
“The pixel scale of PTF CCD is 1.01′′ (Law et al. 2009).”
InfluentialVariability search in M 31 using principal component analysis and the Hubble Source Catalogue
Moretti, M. I., Hatzidimitriou, D., Karampelas, A., Sokolovsky, K. V., Bonanos, A. Z., Gavras, P., & Yang, M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty758 · Cited by 6
“Multi-epoch photometry from the ground is collected by surveys for optical transients (e.g. Palomar Transient Factory – PTF, Law et al. 2009; Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey – CRTS, Drake et al. 2009; All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae – ASAS-SN, Shappee et al. 2014), microlensing surveys (MAssive Compact Hal…”
MethodAn Optimized Radio Follow-up Strategy for Stripped-envelope Core-collapse Supernovae
Carbone, D., & Corsi, A. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6227 · Cited by 6
“…of BL-Ic SNe in the radio (Corsi et al. 2011, 2014, 2016), thanks to the much-increased rate of BL-Ic discoveries enabled by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; Law et al. 2009), and its successor, the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF; Smith et al. 2014; Bellm 2016; Ho et al. 2019).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., Ofek, E. O., Quimby, R. M., Nugent, P. E., Surace, J., Grillmair, C. C., Bloom, J. S., Kasliwal, M. M., Bildsten, L., Brown, T., Cenko, S. B., Ciardi, D., Croner, E., Djorgovski, S. G., van Eyken, J., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, D. B., Gal-Yam, A., Hale, D., Hamam, N., Helou, G., Henning, J., Howell, D. A., Jacobsen, J., Laher, R., Mattingly, S., McKenna, D., Pickles, A., Poznanski, D., Rahmer, G., Rau, A., Rosing, W., Shara, M., Smith, R., Starr, D., Sullivan, M., Velur, V., Walters, R., & Zolkower, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Law, Nicholas M.
- Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
- Dekany, Richard G.
- Ofek, Eran O.
- Quimby, Robert M.
- Nugent, Peter E.
- Surace, Jason
- Bloom, Joshua S.
- Kasliwal, Mansi M.
- Bildsten, Lars
- Cenko, S. Bradley
- Ciardi, David
- Djorgovski, S. George
- Filippenko, Alexei V.
- Fox, Derek B.
- Hale, David
- Howell, D. Andrew
- Laher, Russ
- Poznanski, Dovi
- Rahmer, Gustavo
- Rau, Arne
- Shara, Michael
- Smith, Roger
- Sullivan, Mark
- Walters, Richard
- Venue
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 886
- Pages
- 1395-1408
- ISSN
- 0004-6280 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3873
- OpenAlex
- W2083217178
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 26.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0540352, 0607485, 0507734)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FC02-06ER41453, FG02-08ER41563)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AM04G)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Oxford
- Minerva Foundation
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Israel Science Foundation
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Palomar Transient Factory, optical transients, supernova search, transient survey, light curves, transient classification, H-alpha survey, eclipsing binaries, transiting exoplanets, Orion
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