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The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
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The Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) is a fully-automated, wide-field survey aimed at a systematic exploration of the optical transient sky. The transient survey is performed using a new 8.1 square degree camera installed on the 48 inch Samuel Oschin telescope at Palomar Observatory; colors and light curves for detected transients are obtained with the automated Palomar 60 inch telescope. PTF uses 80% of the 1.2 m and 50% of the 1.5 m telescope time. With an exposure of 60 s the survey reaches a depth of m g ′ ≈ 21.3 and m R ≈ 20.6 (5σ, median seeing). Four major experiments are planned for the five-year project: (1) a 5 day cadence supernova search; (2) a rapid transient search with cadences between 90 s and 1 day; (3) a search for eclipsing binaries and transiting planets in Orion; and (4) a 3π sr deep H-alpha survey. PTF provides automatic, real-time transient classification and follow-up, as well as a database including every source detected in each frame. This paper summarizes the PTF project, including several months of on-sky performance tests of the new survey camera, the observing plans, and the data reduction strategy. We conclude by detailing the first 51 PTF optical transient detections, found in commissioning data.
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“Recent surveys have shown the power of measuring variability of celestial sources for studying gravitational lensing, searching for SNe, determining the physical properties of gamma-ray burst sources, discovering gravitational wave counterparts, probing the structure of active galactic nuclei ( AGNs ) , studying variable star populations, discovering exoplanets, and many other subjects at the fore”
From LSST: From Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products (2019) · cites this paper as Law et al. 2009
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Cites
Measurements of Ω and Λ from 42 High‐Redshift Supernovae
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Self-citationThe Palomar-Quest Digital Synoptic Sky SurveyPreprint
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Self-citationAutomated Probabilistic Classification of Transients and VariablesPreprint
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Self-citationTowards a real‐time transient classification engine
Bloom, J. S., Starr, D., Butler, N., Nugent, P., Rischard, M., Eads, D. R., & Poznanski, D. (2008) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.200710957 · Cited by 22 · cited 2×
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Prospects of Searching for Type Ia Supernovae with 2.5-m Wide Field Survey Telescope
Hu, M., Hu, L., Jiang, J.-A., Xiao, L., Fan, L., Wei, J.-J., & Wu, X.-F. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe9010007 · Cited by 17
Orbital Decay in an Accreting and Eclipsing 13.7 Minute Orbital Period Binary with a Luminous Donor
Burdge, K. B., El-Badry, K., Rappaport, S., Wong, T. L. S., Bauer, E. B., Bildsten, L., Caiazzo, I., Chakrabarty, D., Chickles, E., Graham, M. J., et al. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ace7cf · Cited by 17
“In order to measure the orbital evolution of the system, we used archival observations from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009) and the Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS; Heinze et al. 2018; Tonry et al. 2018) surveys.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe Wendelstein Calar Alto Pixellensing Project (WeCAPP): the M 31 nova catalogue
Lee, C., Riffeser, A., Seitz, S., Bender, R., Fliri, J., Hopp, U., Ries, C., Bärnbantner, O., & Gössl, C. A. (2011) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201117068 · Cited by 17
“Ground-based optical surveys, such as PTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009), PanSTARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002) and LSST (Tyson 2002), will continue to play an important role in the regime of multi-wavelength novae observation and help us to gain insight of the underlying physical mechanism of novae.”
MethodAXS: A Framework for Fast Astronomical Data Processing Based on Apache Spark
Zečević, P., Slater, C. T., Jurić, M., Connolly, A. J., Lončarić, S., Bellm, E. C., Golkhou, V. Z., & Suberlak, K. L. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab2384 · Cited by 17
Evidence for Gravitational-wave-dominated Emission in the Central Engine of Short GRB 200219A
Lü, H.-J., Yuan, Y., Lan, L., Zhang, B.-B., Zou, J.-H., Peng, Z.-K., Shen, J., Liang, Y.-F., Wang, X.-G., & Liang, E.-W. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aba1ed · Cited by 17
“Moreover, we also overplot the upper limit detected of instruments in Figure 6, e.g., Large Synoptic Survey Telescope(LSST), normal-LSST7, PTF, and Pan-STARRS (Jedicke et al. 2007; Law et al. 2009; Jones et al. 2009; Metzger & Berger 2012).”
MethodA fresh look at the RR Lyrae population in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy with Gaia
Muraveva, T., Clementini, G., Garofalo, A., & Cusano, F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2984 · Cited by 17
“…(LINEAR; Stokes et al. 2000), the 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 G (m ag ) < 2 deg < 1 deg < 100 Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009), PanSTARRS (Kaiser et al. 2010), the General Catalogue of Variables Stars (GCVS, Samus’ et al. 2017) and in the lists of RRLs…”
BackgroundAnalysis of broad-lined Type Ic supernovae from the (intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory
Taddia, F., Sollerman, J., Fremling, C., Barbarino, C., Karamehmetoglu, E., Arcavi, I., Cenko, S. B., Filippenko, A. V., Gal‐Yam, A., Hiramatsu, D., et al. (2019) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201834429/pdf · Cited by 17
Self-citationDelayed Detonation Thermonuclear Supernovae with an Extended Dark Matter Component
Chan, H.-S., Chu, M.-C., Leung, S.-C., & Lin, L.-M. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfd32 · Cited by 17
THE 1999aa-LIKE TYPE Ia SUPERNOVA IPTF14BDN IN THE ULTRAVIOLET AND OPTICAL
Smitka, M. T., Brown, P. J., Suntzeff, N. B., Zhang, J., Zhai, Q., Wang, X., Mo, J., & Zhang, T. (2015) · OakTrust (Texas A&M University Libraries) · Cited by 17
Copperwheat, C. M., Steele, I. A., Piascik, A. S., Bersier, D., Bode, M. F., Collins, C. A., Darnley, M. J., Galloway, D. K., Gomboc, A., Kobayashi, S., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1849 · Cited by 16
“All of these transients were detected by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF: Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundOutbursting Young Stellar Object PGIR 20dci in the Perseus Arm
Hillenbrand, L. A., De, K., Hankins, M., Kasliwal, M. M., Rebull, L. M., Lau, R. M., Cutri, R. M., Ashley, M. C. B., Karambelkar, V., Moore, A. M., et al. (2021) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abe406 · Cited by 16
“Ground-based surveys such as the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASASSN; Shappee et al. 2014), Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF; Bellm et al. 2019; Graham et al. 2019), and Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS; Tonry et al.…”
MethodSelf-citationLensed Type Ia supernovae in light of SN Zwicky and iPTF16geu
de Murieta, A. S., Collett, T. E., Magee, M., Weisenbach, L. W., Krawczyk, C., & Enzi, W. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3031 · Cited by 16
Environmental Dependence of Type Ia Supernovae in Low-redshift Galaxy Clusters
Larison, C., Jha, S. W., Kwok, L. A., & Camacho-Neves, Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad0e0f · Cited by 16
“The advent of large-area time-domain surveys, e.g., PTF (Law et al. 2009), ASASSN (Holoien et al. 2017), ATLAS (Tonry et al. 2018), and ZTF (Bellm et al. 2019), allows us to build a large sample of nearby cluster SNe Ia with multicolor light curves through archival research, rather than requiring a dedicated observing…”
BackgroundPhysical Properties of Type II Supernovae Inferred from ZTF and ATLAS Photometric Data
Silva-Farfán, J., Förster, F., Moriya, T. J., Hernández-García, L., Muñoz-Arancibia, A., Sanchéz-Sáez, P., Anderson, J. P., Tonry, J. L., & Clocchiatti, A. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad402a · Cited by 16
“The emergence of different surveys over the past years, such as the Palomar Transient Factory ( Law et al. 2009 ) , the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System ( Pan-STARRS; Kaiser et al. 2010 ) , the All Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae ( Shappee et al. 2014 ) , the Zwicky…”
MethodTHE SIGNATURE OF SINGLE-DEGENERATE ACCRETION-INDUCED COLLAPSE
Piro, A. L., & Thompson, T. A. (2014) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/794/1/28 · Cited by 16
“This should change in the future if there are surveys with particularly rapid cadences of ∼ 1 day such as the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF; Law et al. 2009), the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASASSN; Shappee et al. 2013b), or the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST Science…”
BackgroundA Mote in Andromeda's Disk: A Misidentified Periodic AGN behind M31
Dorn-Wallenstein, T., Levesque, E. M., & Ruan, J. J. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa9329 · Cited by 16
“We investigated the reported periodicity using data from the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009).”
MethodRoelens, M., Eyer, L., Mowlavï, N., Lecoeur-Taïbi, I., Rimoldini, L., Blanco-Cuaresma, S., Palaversa, L., Süveges, M., Charnas, J., & Wevers, T. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2115 · Cited by 16
“…(Macfarlane et al. 2015; Toma et al. 2016), the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (Udalski et al. 1992), the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009) or the Catalina Sky Survey (Drake et al. 2009, 2014), allowed a deeper insight into this rather unexplored domain, increasing the…”
BackgroundChanging look active galactic nuclei in the MaNGA survey
Hon, W. J., Webster, R. L., & Wolf, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1939 · Cited by 16
Application of The Wind-driven Model to a Sample of Tidal Disruption Events
Uno, K., & Maeda, K. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/abca32 · Cited by 16
Ho, A. Y. Q., Goldstein, D. A., Schulze, S., Khatami, D., Perley, D. A., Ergon, M., Gal‐Yam, A., Corsi, A., Andreoni, I., Barbarino, C., et al. (2019) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 16
Self-citationGamma-ray burst jets in supernovae
Corsi, A., & Lazzati, D. (2021) · New Astronomy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.newar.2021.101614 · Cited by 16
Mondrik, N., Long, J. P., & Marshall, J. L. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/811/2/l34 · Cited by 16
“…current generation transient surveys such as the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF; 10-5000 observations in R band for certain fields1, Law et al. 2009) and Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE; 400-500 observations in I band for LMC objects e.g., Soszyński et al. 2009a,b;…”
BackgroundNgeow, C., Yu, P., Bellm, E. C., Yang, T.-C., Chang, C.-K., Miller, A. A., Laher, R. R., Surace, J., & Ip, W. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/227/2/30 · Cited by 14
“The PTF/iPTF imaging data from the P48 Telescope was reduced and processed with two different pipelines (Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationConstraining the Final Fates of Massive Stars by Oxygen and Iron Enrichment History in the Galaxy
Suzuki, A., & Maeda, K. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaa024 · Cited by 16
“…(LOSS; Leaman et al. 2011; Li et al. 2011a,b; Maoz et al. 2011; see Shivvers et al. 2017 for a recent update), Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009), and so on, have been playing vital roles in measuring these fundamental quantities.”
BackgroundSimcoe, R. A., Fürész, G., Sullivan, P. W., Hellickson, T., Malonis, A. C., Kasliwal, M. M., Shectman, S. A., Kollmeier, J. A., & Moore, A. (2019) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 16
Self-citationCannizzaro, G., Levan, A. J., van Velzen, S., & Brown, G. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2014 · Cited by 15
Survey science with the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope Wide Field Instrument
Schlieder, J. E., Barclay, T., Barnes, A., Bray, E. P., Choi, A., Cromey, B., Delker, T., Finch, T., Frater, E., Hill, R., et al. (2024) · Space Telescopes and Instrumentation: Optical, Infrared, and Millimeter Wave · doi:10.1117/12.3020622 · Cited by 15
STELLAR VARIABILITY AND FLARE RATES FROM DOME A, ANTARCTICA, USING 2009 AND 2010 CSTAR OBSERVATIONS
Oelkers, R. J., Macri, L. M., Wang, L., Ashley, M. C. B., Cui, X., Feng, L., Gong, X., Lawrence, J. S., Liu, Q., Luong-Van, D. M., et al. (2016) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-6256/151/6/166 · Cited by 15
“A byproduct of these searches has been a flood of observations and categorization of transient events using small to moderate aperture telescopes (Law et al. 2009; Shappee et al. 2014; Kessler et al. 2015).”
BackgroundA Candidate Tidal Disruption Event in a Quasar at z = 2.359 from Abundance Ratio Variability
Liu, X., Dittmann, A. J., Shen, Y., & Jiang, L. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabb04 · Cited by 15
“Optical Light-curve Data and Analysis SDSS J1204+3518 has available light-curve data from the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS; Drake et al. 2009, V band), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009, R band), and the SDSS (u, g, r, i, and z 6 bands).”
MethodThe Palomar Transient Factory Sky2Night programme
van Roestel, J., Groot, P., Kupfer, T., Verbeek, K., van Velzen, S., Bours, M. C. P., Nugent, P., Prince, T. A., Levitan, D., Nissanke, S., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz241 · Cited by 15
Self-citationSoumagnac, M. T., Ofek, E. O., Liang, J., Gal‐Yam, A., Nugent, P., Yang, Y., Cenko, S. B., Sollerman, J., Perley, D. A., Andreoni, I., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab94be · Cited by 15
Self-citationDiscovery of extreme, roughly daily superflares on the recurrent nova V2487 Oph
Schaefer, B., Pagnotta, A., & Zoppelt, S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac443 · Cited by 16
Comparative Analysis of Peculiar Type Ia 1991bg-like Supernovae Spectra
Doull, B. A., & Baron, E. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1086/661023 · Cited by 15
Altavilla, G., Botticella, M. T., Cappellaro, E., & Turatto, M. (2012) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-012-1017-6 · Cited by 15
“…(STRESS; Botticella et al. 2008); • SDSS (Kessler et al. 2009); • The CHilean Automatic Supernova sEarch (CHASE; Pignata et al. 2009); • the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009); • the DES Supernova Survey (a dedicated Super- nova Survey within the Dark…”
BackgroundIdentification of partially resolved binaries in Pan-STARRS 1 data
Deacon, N. R., Magnier, E. A., Best, W. M. J., Liu, M. C., Dupuy, T. J., Chambers, K. C., Draper, P. W., Flewelling, H., Metcalfe, N., Tonry, J. L., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx440 · Cited by 15
“Terziev et al. (2013) expanded this method to wide-field multi-epoch surveys, specifically the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009).”
MethodThe zenithal 4-m International Liquid Mirror Telescope: a unique facility for supernova studies
Kumar, B., Pandey, K. L., Pandey, S. B., Hickson, P., Borra, E. F., Anupama, G. C., & Surdej, J. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty298 · Cited by 15
“…Survey (SDSS; Frieman et al. 2008; Sako et al. 2008), the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey (CRTS; Drake et al. 2009), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), the AllSky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (ASAS-SN; Shappee et al. 2014) and the upcoming Zwicky Transient Facility…”
MethodCorrecting for peculiar velocities of Type Ia supernovae in clusters of galaxies
Léget, P.-F., Pruzhinskaya, M. V., Ciulli, A., Gangler, É., Aldering, G., Antilogus, P. E., Aragon, C., Bailey, S., Baltay, C., Barbary, K., et al. (2018) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201832932 · Cited by 15
“The SNfactory performed follow-up observations of a few SNe Ia discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009), which also were found in a nontargeted search.”
MethodSelf-citationRobnik, J., Bayer, A. E., Charisi, M., Haiman, Z., Lin, A., & Seljak, U. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae2220 · Cited by 14
The La Silla Schmidt Southern Survey
Miller, A. A., Abrams, N. S., Aldering, G., Anand, S., Angus, C. R., Arcavi, I., Baltay, C., Bauer, F. E., Brethauer, D., Bloom, J. S., et al. (2025) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ae02c5 · Cited by 14
“…Sky Survey-II (SDSS-II; Frieman et al. 2008), Skymapper (Keller et al. 2007), PanSTARRS (Kaiser et al. 2010), the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009), the All-sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN; Shappee et al. 2014), the Evryscope (Law et al. 2015), the Dark Energy…”
Self-citationSpatially resolved analysis of superluminous supernovae PTF 11hrq and PTF 12dam host galaxies
Cikota, A., Cia, A. D., Schulze, S., Vreeswijk, P. M., Leloudas, G., Gal‐Yam, A., Perley, D. A., Cikota, S., Kim, S., Patat, F., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx1110 · Cited by 14
“2 TH E TA R G E T S The SLSNe-R PTF 11hrq and PTF 12dam were discovered by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCorrelated time variability of multicomponent high-velocity outflows in J162122.54+075808.4
Aromal, P., Srianand, R., & Petitjean, P. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1299 · Cited by 14
Key Space and Ground Facilities in GRB Science
Tsvetkova, A. E., Свинкин, Д. С., Karpov, S. V., & Frederiks, D. D. (2022) · Universe · doi:10.3390/universe8070373 · Cited by 14
“The new camera is made up of 16 CCDs of 6144× 6160 pixels each, with a 15 µm pixel size.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAgudo, I., Amati, L., An, T., Bauer, F. E., Benetti, S., Bernardini, M. G., Beswick, R. J., Bhirombhakdi, K., de Boer, T. J. L., Branchesi, M., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244751 · Cited by 14
Self-citationSoumagnac, M. T., Nugent, P., Knop, R. A., Ho, A. Y. Q., Hohensee, W., Awbrey, A., Andersen, A., Aldering, G., Ventura, M., Aguilar, J., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ad76ae · Cited by 14
“…between the DESI footprint and the footprint of several untargeted, wide-field, optical transient surveys which have revolutionised the field in the last decade: ASAS-SN, ATLAS, PanSTARRS, PTF/iPTF (Law et al. 2009), SDSS-II (Frieman et al. 2008), ZTF (Graham et al. 2019; Bellm et al. 2019).”
Self-citationThe Galaxy Stellar Mass Function and Low Surface Brightness Galaxies from Core-Collapse Supernovae
Sedgwick, T. M., Baldry, I. K., James, P. A., & Kelvin, L. S. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz186 · Cited by 14
Identification of Stellar Flares Using Differential Evolution Template Optimization
Lawson, K., Wisniewski, J. P., Bellm, E. C., Kowalski, A. F., & Shupe, D. L. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3461 · Cited by 14
On the Granulation and Irregular Variation of Red Supergiants
Ren, Y., & 姜碧, B.-W. 沩. J. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9c17 · Cited by 14
Periodic Eruptive Variability of the Isolated Pre-main-sequence Star V347 Aurigae
Dahm, S. E., & Hillenbrand, L. A. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abbfa2 · Cited by 14
“Low-cadence imaging of V347 Aur was obtained using the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009) and its 7.8 square degree field of view mosaic imager coupled with the Samuel Oschin 48-inch Schmidt telescope.”
MethodInfluentialMeasuring time delays – II. Using observations of the unresolved flux and astrometry
Springer, O., & Ofek, E. O. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2432 · Cited by 14
Self-citationVariable classification in the LSST era: exploring a model for quasi-periodic light curves
Zinn, J., Kochanek, C. S., Kozłowski, S., Udalski, A., Szymański, M. K., Soszyński, I., Wyrzykowski, Ł., Ulaczyk, K., Poleski, R., Pietrukowicz, P., et al. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx586 · Cited by 14
“…Lensing Experiment (OGLE; e.g., Udalski et al. 2008), the Catalina RealTime Transient Survey (Drake et al. 2009), the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009), QUEST (Snyder 1998), the All-Sky Automated Survey (Pojmański 1997), and the All-Sky Automated Survey for SuperNovae (Shappee et…”
MethodConfirmation of Large Super-fast Rotator (144977) 2005 EC127
Chang, C.-K., Lin, H.-W., Ip, W.-H., Lin, Z.-Y., Kupfer, T., Prince, T. A., Ye, Q., Laher, R. R., Lee, H.-J., & Moon, H.-K. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aa6ff5 · Cited by 14
“The iPTF/PTF employ the Palomar 48-inch Oschin 4Taiwan New Generation OIR Astronomy 5intermediate Palomar Transient Factory; http://ptf.caltech.edu/iptf Schmidt Telescope and an 11-chip mosaic CCD camera with a field of view of ∼ 7.26 deg2 (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationNeira, M., Gómez, C., Suárez-Pérez, J. F., Gómez, D. A., Reyes, J. P., Hoyos, M. H., Arbeláez, P., & Forero-Romero, J. E. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/aba267 · Cited by 14
Constraining the role of novae as progenitors of type Ia supernovae
Soraisam, M. D., & Гильфанов, М. Р. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424118 · Cited by 14
“The radius of the aperture used for measurement of a star is typically on the order of its FWHM (e.g., Mighell 1999), which is ≈ 2 for PTF images (Law et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialThe space density of post-period minimum Cataclysmic Variables
Santisteban, J. V. H., Knigge, C., Pretorius, M. L., Sullivan, M., & Warner, B. (2017) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2296 · Cited by 14
“We further supplemented this data set with matching time-domain observations obtained by the PTF survey in Stripe 82 (Law et al. 2009, see Section 3.2).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationA New Large Super-Fast Rotator: (335433) 2005 UW163Preprint
Chang, C.-K., Waszczak, A., Lin, H. W., Ip, W.-H., Thomas, A., Shrinivas, P., Kulkarni, R., Laher, R. R., & Surace, J. (2016) · Cited by 14
Self-citationCovino, S., Tobar, F. A., & Treves, A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac596 · Cited by 13
A Survey of Big Data Archives in Time-Domain Astronomy
Poudel, M., Sarode, R. P., Watanobe, Y., Mozgovoy, M., & Bhalla, S. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12126202 · Cited by 13
Possible origin of AT2021any: A failed gamma-ray burst from a structured jet
Xu, F., Huang, Y.-F., & Geng, J.-J. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346674 · Cited by 13
SN 2022oqm–A Ca-rich Explosion of a Compact Progenitor Embedded in C/O Circumstellar Material
Irani, I., Chen, P., Morag, J., Schulze, S., Gal‐Yam, A., Strotjohann, N. L., Yaron, O., Zimmerman, E., Sharon, A., Perley, D. A., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad04d7 · Cited by 13
“…past decade has seen a rapid increase in the early detection of SNe by high-cadence wide-field surveys such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Kulkarni 2013), which detected several such SNe (Gal-Yam et al. 2011; Arcavi et al. 2011; Nugent et al. 2011; Gal-Yam et al. 2014;…”
BackgroundSelf-citationSimulating the tidal disruption of stars by stellar-mass black holes using moving-mesh hydrodynamics
Vynatheya, P., Ryu, T., Pakmor, R., de Mink, S. E., & Perets, H. B. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348357 · Cited by 13
Magnetic Fields in M-dwarf Members of the Pleiades Open Cluster Using APOGEE Spectra
Wanderley, F., Cunha, K., Kochukhov, O., Smith, V. V., Souto, D., Cao, L., Covey, K. R., Majewski, S. R., Martínez, C. F., Muirhead, P. S., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad571f · Cited by 13
“We collected rotational periods for 53 stars in our sample from the works by Hartman et al. (2010), Rebull et al. (2016) and Covey et al. (2016), who analyzed data respectively from the HATNet (Bakos et al. 2004), K2 (Howell et al. 2014), and PTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009) surveys.”
MethodMeasuring the ejecta velocities of type Ia supernovae from the pan-STARRS1 medium deep survey
Pan, Y. C., Jheng, Y. S., Jones, D. O., Lee, I. Y., Foley, R. J., Chornock, R., Scolnic, D. M., Berger, E., Challis, P. M., Drout, M. R., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1618 · Cited by 13
Aravindan, A., Canalizo, G., Secrest, N. J., Satyapal, S., & Bohn, T. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad702b · Cited by 13
An optimal Earth Trojan asteroid search strategy
Todd, M., Tanga, P., Coward, D. M., & Zadnik, M. G. (2011) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01186.x · Cited by 13
Metzger, B. D., Kaplan, D. L., & Berger, E. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/764/2/149 · Cited by 13
“…10 40 erg s−1 at 200 Mpc), as could be reached with a few minute integration per pointing on a meter-class telescope such as the Palomar Transient Factory (Law et al. 2009), could achieve a completeness of fHαSFR ≈ 97% with respect to SFR, but only f Hα M⋆ ≈ 60− 80% with respect to total stellar…”
BackgroundiPTF Survey for Cool Transients
Adams, S. M., Blagorodnova, N., Kasliwal, M. M., Amanullah, R., Barlow, T. A., Bue, B., Bulla, M., Cao, Y., Cenko, S. B., Cook, D., et al. (2018) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/aaa356 · Cited by 13
“This experiment was undertaken as part of the extension to iPTF, which succeeded PTF (Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009). iPTF utilizes the Palomar 48” Telescope (P48) with the CFH12K camera (Rahmer et al. 2008; Law et al. 2010) comprised of 11 working CCDs, each with 2048 × 4096 pix- els, 1.”
MethodSelf-citationThe Binary Dwarf Carbon Star SDSS J125017.90+252427.6
Margon, B., Kupfer, T., Burdge, K. B., Prince, T. A., Kulkarni, S. R., & Shupe, D. L. (2018) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/aab42a · Cited by 13
“The PTF photometric period determination has excellent precision due to the long time baseline.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationUnexpected Short-period Variability in Dwarf Carbon Stars from the Zwicky Transient Facility
Roulston, B. R., Green, P. J., Toonen, S., & Hermes, J. J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac157c · Cited by 13
“…reliable dC mass measurements, and help us understand more about the amount, and composition, of accreted mass needed to form a dC. Margon et al. (2018) conducted a search for periodic dCs using the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Law et al. 2009; Rau et al. 2009), finding just one periodic dC.”
MethodNugent, P., Cao, Y., & Kasliwal, M. M. (2015) · Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering/Proceedings of SPIE · doi:10.1117/12.2085383 · Cited by 13
“The survey camera achieved first light on 13 Dec 2008; it completed commissioning in 1 Mar 2009; and will finish its original survey 31 Dec 2012 with continued operations until the 2016 timeframe.(1,2) The transient detection survey component of PTF is performed at the automated Palomar Samuel Oschin 48-inch telescope…”
MethodSelf-citationLight Curves and Spectra from a Unimodal Core-collapse Supernova
Wollaeger, R. T., Hungerford, A. L., Fryer, C. L., Wollaber, A., van Rossum, D. R., & Even, W. P. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa82bd · Cited by 13
“Many surveys, such as the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (Frieman et al. 2008; Sako et al. 2008) and Palomar Transient Factory, regularly detect UV/optical/IR emission from CCSNe (York et al. 2000; Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundComparative Analysis of Peculiar Type Ia 1991bg-like Supernovae SpectraPreprint
Doull, B. A., & Baron, E. (2016) · Cited by 13
Searching for Anomalies in the ZTF Catalog of Periodic Variable Stars
Chan, H.-S., Villar, V. A., Cheung, S.-H., Ho, S., O’Grady, A. J. G., Drout, M. R., & Renzo, M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac69d4 · Cited by 12
Recurring outbursts of the supernova impostor AT 2016blu in NGC 4559
Aghakhanloo, M., Smith, N., Milne, P., Andrews, J. E., Dyk, S. D. V., Filippenko, A. V., Jencson, J. E., Lau, R. M., Sand, D. J., Wyatt, S., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2702 · Cited by 12
Self-citationA NOVEL, FULLY AUTOMATED PIPELINE FOR PERIOD ESTIMATION IN THE EROS 2 DATA SET
Protopapas, P., Huijse, P., Estévez, P. A., Zegers, P., Príncipe, J. C., & Marquette, J. B. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/216/2/25 · Cited by 12
“…able to study variable and transient phenomena by examining the behavior of individual sources, the amount of data and the large number of sources have exponentially grown in the last decade (Hodapp et al. 2004; Ivezic et al. 2011; Larson et al. 2003; Law et al. 2009), making this task daunting.”
BackgroundAn optimal Mars Trojan asteroid search strategy
Todd, M., Tanga, P., Coward, D. M., & Zadnik, M. G. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.21204.x · Cited by 12
Artificial Intelligence–Assisted Inversion (AIAI) of Synthetic Type Ia Supernova Spectra
Chen, X., Hu, L., & Wang, L. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab9a3b · Cited by 18
Andreoni, I., Coughlin, M. W., Kool, E. C., Kasliwal, M. M., Kumar, H., Bhalerao, V., Carracedo, A. S., Ho, A. Y. Q., Pang, P. T. H., Saraogi, D., et al. (2021) · Civil War Book Review · Cited by 12
Self-citationVariable Active Galactic Nuclei in the Galaxy Evolution Explorer Time Domain Survey
Wasleske, E. J., Baldassare, V., & Carroll, C. M. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac715b · Cited by 12
Coughlin, E. R. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1347 · Cited by 12
A new HW Vir binary from the Palomar Transient Factory
Schindewolf, M., Levitan, D., Heber, U., Drechsel, H., Schaffenroth, V., Kupfer, T., & Prince, T. A. (2015) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425581 · Cited by 12
“It makes use of the 1.2 m Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory, equipped with eleven 12k × 8k CCD cameras, and the Palomar 60” telescope (Law et al. 2009).”
MethodInfluentialAsteroid spin-rate studies using large sky-field surveys
Chang, C.-K., Lin, H. W., Ip, W.-H., Prince, T. A., Kulkarni, S. R., Levitan, D., Laher, R. R., & Surace, J. (2017) · Geoscience Letters · doi:10.1186/s40562-017-0082-7 · Cited by 12
Self-citationResults of a systematic search for outburst events in 1.4 million galaxies
Drake, A. J., Djorgovski, S. G., Graham, M. J., Stern, D. K., Mahabal, A. A., Catelan, M., Christensen, E., & Larson, S. M. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty2673 · Cited by 12
“…of millions of galaxies by wide-field transient surveys, such as the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS, Drake et al. 2009, Djorgovski et al. 2012), the Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (PS1, Chambers et al. 2016), and the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVariability of Massive Stars in M31 from the Palomar Transient Factory
Soraisam, M., Bildsten, L., Drout, M. R., Prince, T. A., Kupfer, T., Masci, F. J., Laher, R. R., & Kulkarni, S. R. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7b7b · Cited by 12
Self-citationA Mid-infrared Flare in the Active Galaxy MCG-02-04-026: Dust Echo of a Nuclear Transient Event
Sun, L., Jiang, N., Wang, T., Zhou, H., Dou, L., Yang, C., Pan, X., Sheng, Z., Zhong, Z., Yan, L., et al. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9f2c · Cited by 12
Prokhorov, D. A., Moraghan, A., & Vink, J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1313 · Cited by 12
Constraining the role of novae as progenitors of type Ia supernovae
Soraisam, M., & Гильфанов, М. Р. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201424118/pdf · Cited by 12
Searching transients in large-scale surveys. A method based on the Abbe valuePreprint
Mowlavï, N. (2014) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1406.7785 · Cited by 12
“Examples are the Robotic Optical Transient Search Experiment (ROTSEIII; Akerlof et al. 2003), the Palomar Transient Factory survey (PTF; Law et al. 2009), and the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey (CRTS; Drake et al. 2009).”
BackgroundSupernova forecast with strong lensing
Suwa, Y. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2953 · Cited by 14
“There are also other survey programs, such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF, Law et al. 2009), Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS1, Kaiser et al. 2010), the High Cadence Transient Survey (HITS, Förster et al. 2016), the Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS, Morokuma et…”
ResultJencson, J. E., Adams, S. M., Bond, H. E., van Dyk, S. D., Kasliwal, M. M., Bally, J., Blagorodnova, N., De, K., Fremling, C., Yao, Y., et al. (2019) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 11
Self-citationTime variability of ultra fast BAL outflows using SALT: C iv equivalent width analysis
Aromal, P., Srianand, R., & Petitjean, P. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1370 · Cited by 11
Terwel, J., Maguire, K., Dimitriadis, G., Smith, M., Reusch, S., Lacroix, L., Galbany, L., Burgaz, U., Harvey, L., Schulze, S., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202348476 · Cited by 11
Self-citationEvidence for bimodal orbital separations of white dwarf–red dwarf binary stars
Ashley, R. P., Farihi, J., Marsh, T. R., Wilson, D. J., & Gänsicke, B. T. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz298 · Cited by 11
“7 shows a phase folded plot of the CRTS and PTF data.”
MethodInfluentialCarbon-enhanced stars with short orbital and spin periods
Whitehouse, L. J., Farihi, J., Howarth, I. D., Mancino, S., Walters, N., Swan, A., Wilson, T. G., & Guo, J. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab1913 · Cited by 11
The Weizmann Fast Astronomical Survey Telescope (W-FAST): System Overview
Nir, G., Ofek, E. O., Ben-Ami, S., Segev, N., Polishook, D., Hershko, O., Diner, O., Manulis, I., Zackay, B., Gal-Yam, A., et al. (2021) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ac0da0 · Cited by 11
Self-citationGoode, S., Cooke, J., Zhang, J., Mahabal, A. A., Webb, S., & Hegarty, S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac983 · Cited by 13
BEACONS IN THE DARK: USING NOVAE AND SUPERNOVAE TO DETECT DWARF GALAXIES IN THE LOCAL UNIVERSE
Conroy, C., & Bullock, J. S. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/805/1/l2 · Cited by 11
“Ongoing and planned high cadence photometric surveys such as the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF; Rau et al. 2009; Law et al. 2009), Pan-STARRS (Kaiser et al. 2002) the Zwicky Transient Factory (ZTF Bellm 2014), and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST; Abell et al. 2009) are or will be…”
BackgroundPhysics of superluminous supernovae
Chen, K.-J. (2021) · International Journal of Modern Physics D · doi:10.1142/s0218271821300019 · Cited by 11
Crnogorčević, M., Caputo, R., Meyer, M., Omodei, N., & Gustafsson, M. (2021) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.104.103001 · Cited by 11
CO observations towards H i -rich Ultradiffuse Galaxies
Wang, J., Yang, K., Zhang, Z.-Y., Fang, M., Shi, Y., Liu, S., Li, J., & Li, F. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slaa150 · Cited by 11
Fast Radio Bursts from the Decay of Cosmic String CuspsPreprint
Brandenberger, R., Cyr, B., & Iyer, A. (2017) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1707.02397 · Cited by 11
“For our model, generic FRB signals should give an optical burst magnitude of m ∼ 15, which should be detectable by the Palomar Transient Factory (PTF) telescope [29], as well as the LSST telescope in the future [30].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Law, N. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Dekany, R. G., Ofek, E. O., Quimby, R. M., Nugent, P. E., Surace, J., Grillmair, C. C., Bloom, J. S., Kasliwal, M. M., Bildsten, L., Brown, T., Cenko, S. B., Ciardi, D., Croner, E., Djorgovski, S. G., van Eyken, J., Filippenko, A. V., Fox, D. B., Gal-Yam, A., Hale, D., Hamam, N., Helou, G., Henning, J., Howell, D. A., Jacobsen, J., Laher, R., Mattingly, S., McKenna, D., Pickles, A., Poznanski, D., Rahmer, G., Rau, A., Rosing, W., Shara, M., Smith, R., Starr, D., Sullivan, M., Velur, V., Walters, R., & Zolkower, J.
- Affiliations
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network (US)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- American Museum of Natural History (US)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- ORCID
- Law, Nicholas M.
- Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.
- Dekany, Richard G.
- Ofek, Eran O.
- Quimby, Robert M.
- Nugent, Peter E.
- Surace, Jason
- Bloom, Joshua S.
- Kasliwal, Mansi M.
- Bildsten, Lars
- Cenko, S. Bradley
- Ciardi, David
- Djorgovski, S. George
- Filippenko, Alexei V.
- Fox, Derek B.
- Hale, David
- Howell, D. Andrew
- Laher, Russ
- Poznanski, Dovi
- Rahmer, Gustavo
- Rau, Arne
- Shara, Michael
- Smith, Roger
- Sullivan, Mark
- Walters, Richard
- Venue
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 886
- Pages
- 1395-1408
- ISSN
- 0004-6280 (ISSN-L)
- 1538-3873
- OpenAlex
- W2083217178
- Cited by
- 1,141
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 61 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 92 · 2017: 115 · 2016: 114 · 2015: 76 · 2014: 69 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 26.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0540352, 0607485, 0507734)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FC02-06ER41453, FG02-08ER41563)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX08AM04G)
- Alfred P. Sloan Foundation
- California Institute of Technology
- University of Oxford
- Minerva Foundation
- Weizmann Institute of Science
- Israel Science Foundation
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Keywords
- Palomar Transient Factory, optical transients, supernova search, transient survey, light curves, transient classification, H-alpha survey, eclipsing binaries, transiting exoplanets, Orion
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