The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
One Egalitarianism or Several? Two Decades of Gender-Role Attitude Change in Europe
Abstract
This article challenges the implicit assumption of many cross-national studies that gender-role attitudes fall along a single continuum between traditional and egalitarian. The authors argue that this approach obscures theoretically important distinctions in attitudes and renders analyses of change over time incomplete. Using latent class analysis, they investigate the multidimensional nature of gender-role attitudes in 17 postindustrial European countries. They identify three distinct varieties of egalitarianism that they designate as liberal egalitarianism, egalitarian familism, and flexible egalitarianism. They show that while traditional gender-role attitudes have precipitously and uniformly declined in accordance with the “rising tide” narrative toward greater egalitarianism, the relative prevalence of different egalitarianisms varies markedly across countries. Furthermore, they find that European nations are not converging toward one dominant egalitarian model but rather, remain differentiated by varieties of egalitarianism.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development.
Johnson, M. M., & Gilligan, C. (1983) · Contemporary Sociology · doi:10.2307/2067520 · Cited by 11,111
The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home
Hochschild, A. R., & Machung, A. (2012) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 3,230
The 'Southern Model' of Welfare in Social Europe
Ferrera, M. (1996) · Journal of European Social Policy · doi:10.1177/095892879600600102 · Cited by 3,087
Latent Class Modeling with Covariates: Two Improved Three-Step Approaches
Vermunt, J. K. (2010) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mpq025 · Cited by 2,343
Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World
Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511550362 · Cited by 2,171
Unpacking the Gender System: A Theoretical Perspective on Gender Beliefs and Social Relations
Ridgeway, C. L., & Correll, S. J. (2004) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243204265269 · Cited by 1,823
Research on Household Labor: Modeling and Measuring the Social Embeddedness of Routine Family Work
Coltrane, S. (2000) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01208.x · Cited by 1,748
The Gender Revolution: Uneven and Stalled
England, P. (2010) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243210361475 · Cited by 1,687
Rising tide: gender equality and cultural change around the world
(2004) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.41-3062 · Cited by 1,489
Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: one-step versus three-step estimators
Bolck, A., Croon, M., & Hagenaars, J. (2004) · Political Analysis · doi:10.1093/pan/mph001 · Cited by 1,406
Research works printed but not linked: 22
- Blau Francine D, 2006, Grusky
- Bonikowski Bart, Working paper
- Brinton Mary C, Working paper
- Ellingsaeter Anne Lise, Pp. 1–26 in Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender Relations in Welfare States, edited by Anne Lise Ellingsaeter and Arnlaug Leira.
- England Paula, Pp. 245–64 in The Declining Significance of Gender?
- 1981, European Values Study Longitudinal Data File
- GESIS., 2011, EVS 2008—Variable Report. GESIS-Variable Reports 2011/9. http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/.
- Grusky David B, Pp. 812–25 in Social Stratification: Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective
- 10.2307/591267 · doi:10.2307/591267
- Jackson Robert Max, Pp. 215–44 in The Declining Significance of Gender?
- Kankaras Milos, 2011, Vermunt
- Leira Arnlaug, Pp. 27–52 in Politicising Parenthood in Scandinavia: Gender Relations in Welfare States, edited by Anne Lise Ellingsaeter and Arnlaug Leira.
- McCutcheon Allan L, 1997, Hagenaars
- 10.2753/IJS0020-7659380103 · doi:10.2753/ijs0020-7659380103
- 10.1177/002071520304400203 · doi:10.1177/002071520304400203
- Orloff Ann, 2008, Annual Conference of the International Sociological Association
- Slaughter Anne-Marie, 2012, Atlantic, 85
- Vermunt Jeroen K, Log-Linear Event History Analysis
- Vermunt Jeroen K, Pages 89–106 in Applied Latent Class Analysis, edited by Jacques A. Hagenaars and Allan L. Mccutcheon
- Vermunt Jeroen K, Pages 373–85 in Handbook of Longitudinal Research: Design, Measurement, and Analysis
- Williams Joan, 2000, Unbending Gender: Why Work and Family Conflict and What to Do about It.
- 1981, World Values Survey
Cited by
Flexible Working, Work–Life Balance, and Gender Equality: Introduction
Chung, H., & van der Lippe, T. (2020) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-018-2025-x · Cited by 721
Hjálmsdóttir, A., & Bjarnadóttir, V. S. (2021) · Gender, Work & Organization · doi:10.1111/gwao.12552 · Cited by 384
Cohabitation and Marriage: Complexity and Diversity in Union‐Formation Patterns
Sassler, S., & Lichter, D. T. (2020) · Journal of Marriage and Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.12617 · Cited by 328
Covid-19, Flexible Working, and Implications for Gender Equality in the United Kingdom
Chung, H., Birkett, H., Forbes, S., & Seo, H. (2021) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/08912432211001304 · Cited by 253
Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox
Breda, T., Jouini, E., Napp, C., & Thebault, G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008704117 · Cited by 233
Metadata
- Authors
- Knight, C. R., & Brinton, M. C.
- Venue
- American Journal of Sociology
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 2017-03-01
- Volume
- 122
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1485-1532
- ISSN
- 0002-9602 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-5390
- OpenAlex
- W2605003885
- Cited by
- 466
- References
- 66
- FWCI
- 54.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: One Egalitarianism or Several? Two Decades of Gender-Role Attitude Change in Europe. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1086/689814
- The paper
- Knight, C. R., & Brinton, M. C. (2017). One Egalitarianism or Several? Two Decades of Gender-Role Attitude Change in Europe. American Journal of Sociology. https://doi.org/10.1086/689814
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.