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EVIDENCE FOR WARPED DISKS OF YOUNG STARS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Open accessAbstract
The central parsec around the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center (GC) hosts more than 100 young and massive stars. Outside the central cusp ( R ∼ 1'') the majority of these O and Wolf–Rayet (W–R) stars reside in a main clockwise system, plus a second, less prominent disk or streamer system at large angles with respect to the main system. Here we present the results from new observations of the GC with the AO-assisted near-infrared imager NACO and the integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the ESO/VLT. These include the detection of 27 new reliably measured W–R/O stars in the central 12'' and improved measurements of 63 previously detected stars, with proper motion uncertainties reduced by a factor of 4 compared to our earlier work. Based on the sample of 90 well measured W–R/O stars, we develop a detailed statistical analysis of their orbital properties and orientations. We show that half of the W–R/O stars are compatible with being members of a clockwise rotating system. The rotation axis of this system shows a strong transition from the inner to the outer regions as a function of the projected distance from Sgr A*. The main clockwise system either is either a strongly warped single disk with a thickness of about 10°, or consists of a series of streamers with significant radial variation in their orbital planes. Eleven out of 61 clockwise moving stars have an angular separation of more than 30° from the local angular momentum direction of the clockwise system. The mean eccentricity of the clockwise system is 0.36 ± 0.06. The distribution of the counterclockwise W–R/O star is not isotropic at the 98% confidence level. It is compatible with a coherent structure such as stellar filaments, streams, small clusters or possibly a disk in a dissolving state: 10 out of 29 counterclockwise moving W–R/O stars have an angular separation of more than 30° from the local angular momentum direction of the counterclockwise system. The observed disk warp and the steep surface density distribution favor in situ star formation in gaseous accretion disks as the origin of the young massive stars.
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“Additionally, the rotation vectors of individual stars within the clockwise system slightly vary from each other but, overall, remain at an inclination of 122 ◦ ± 7 ◦ (about ∼ 30 ◦ away from the Galactic rotation axis) (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2008; Genzel et al. 2010).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Bartko et al. 2009
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“A younger generation of stars (age ≈ 6 ± 2 Myr) is also observed within the central 0 . 5 pc (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Bartko et al. 2009
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MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
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Self-citationTHE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
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Photometric classification of stars around the Milky Way’s central black hole
Gallego-Cano, E., Fritz, T. K., Schödel, R., Feldmeier-Krause, A., Do, T., & Nishiyama, S. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449881 · Cited by 10
Self-citationBlack hole merger rates in AGN: contribution from gas-captured binaries
Rowan, C., Whitehead, H., & Kocsis, B. (2025) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staf1896 · Cited by 10
GCIRS 7, a pulsating M1 supergiant at the Galactic centre
Paumard, T., Pfuhl, O., Martins, F., Kervella, P., Ott, T., Pott, J., Bouquin, J.-B. L., Breitfelder, J., Gillessen, S., Perrin, G. S., et al. (2014) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423991 · Cited by 10
“…to be born in one single event of star formation, presumably within a massive self-gravitating accretion disk which is hypothesised to have existed at that time around the super-massive black-hole candidate Sgr A* (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2013, and references therein).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationSTELLAR TRANSITS IN ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEI
Béky, B., & Kocsis, B. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/762/1/35 · Cited by 10
“Bartko et al. (2009) find more than a hundred O and WR stars farther from the Galactic center, within 1 pc = 5 × 106 Rg projected distance.”
Máthé, G., Szölgyén, Á., & Kocsis, B. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad016 · Cited by 12
The Influence of Dense Gas Rings on the Dynamics of a Stellar Disk in the Galactic Center
Trani, A. A., Mapelli, M., Bressan, A., Pelupessy, F. I., Elteren, A., & Zwart, S. P. (2016) · Leiden Repository (Leiden University) · Cited by 10
On the possibility of a warped disc origin of the inclined stellar discs at the Galactic Centre
Ulubay-Siddiki, A., Bartko, H., & Gerhard, O. (2012) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sts167 · Cited by 9
“…component of angular momentum along the axis pointing towards the observer will then give information on the twist of the disc, while the component projected on to the plane of the sky will give the degree of the warp (for further details on the definitions of the angles, see Bartko et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationThe quenching of star formation in accretion-driven clumpy turbulent tori of active galactic nuclei
Vollmer, B., & Davies, R. (2013) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321409/pdf · Cited by 9
Rantala, A., & Naab, T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3977 · Cited by 9
SIGNATURES OF AN ENCOUNTER BETWEEN THE G2 CLOUD AND A JET FROM Sgr A*
Yusef-Zadeh, F., & Wardle, M. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/770/2/l21 · Cited by 9
“G2 is on a highly eccentric orbit (e ∼ 0.97) that is coplanar with the clockwise stellar disk (Paumard et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2009; Bartko et al. 2009) and is expected to reach its pericenter distance of ∼2000 Schwarzschild radii (RS) from Sgr A∗ in 2013 mid September (Gillessen et al. 2013) or…”
BackgroundInfluential2D kinematic study of the central region of NGC 4501
Repetto, P., Faúndez-Abans, M., Freitas-Lemes, P., Rodrigues, I., & Oliveira-Abans, M. D. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2275 · Cited by 9
“…non circular motions could originate in the intersection between azimuthal motions on surfaces with different orientation with respect to the sky plane as indicated by the researches quoted above and also by other observational and theoretical studies (Bartko et al. 2009; Kocsis & Tremaine 2011).”
ResultMartínez, J. G., Fouvry, J.-B., & Pichon, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2722 · Cited by 9
“In practice, for the numerical applications, we used a0 =rh =2 pc the sphere of influence of SgrA*, and as such used N( a0) = 4.3×106.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe G2+G2t complex as a fast and massive outflow?
Ballone, A., Schartmann, M., Burkert, A. M., Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Genzel, R., Pfuhl, O., Eisenhauer, F., Ott, T., George, E. M., et al. (2016) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 8
Self-citationThe Evaporating Massive Embedded Stellar Cluster IRS 13 Close to Sgr A*. II. Kinematic Structure
Peißker, F., Zajaček, M., Labaj, M., Thomkins, L., Elbe, A., Eckart, A., Labadie, L., Karas, V., Sabha, N. B., Steiniger, L., et al. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad4098 · Cited by 8
Dynamical evolution of the young stellar disc in the Galactic centre
Šubr, L., & Haas, J. (2012) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012018 · Cited by 8
“Some authors (e.g. Genzel et al. 2003, Paumard et al. 2006) suggest presence of two stellar disc, some others (e.g. Bartko et al. 2009) speak about some kind of warped disc(s).”
BackgroundA common origin for the circumnuclear disc and the nearby molecular clouds in the Galactic Centre
Ballone, A., Mapelli, M., & Trani, A. A. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2147 · Cited by 8
“%) of these lie in one disc (Bartko et al. 2009; Yelda et al. 2014).”
BackgroundTHE G2+G2t COMPLEX AS A FAST AND MASSIVE OUTFLOW?
Ballone, A., Schartmann, M., Burkert, A., Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Genzel, R., Pfuhl, O., Eisenhauer, F., Ott, T., George, E. M., et al. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8205/819/2/l28 · Cited by 7
Self-citationDouble progenitor origin of the S-star cluster
Verberne, S., Rossi, E. M., Koposov, S. E., Penoyre, Z., Cavieres, M., & Kuijken, K. H. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554247 · Cited by 10
On the Formation of S stars from a Recent Massive Black Hole Merger in the Galactic Center
Akiba, T., Naoz, S., & Madigan, A.-M. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/addc5d · Cited by 9
INTRINSICALLY POLARIZED STARS AND IMPLICATION FOR STAR FORMATION IN THE CENTRAL PARSEC OF OUR GALAXY
Yoshikawa, T., Nishiyama, S., Tamura, M., Ishii, M., & Nagata, T. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/778/2/92 · Cited by 7
“…al. 1Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502 2National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 3Subaru telescope, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, 650 North A’ohoku Place, Hilo, HI 96720, USA 2006; Bartko et al. 2009, 2010).”
BackgroundMassive Young Clusters Near the Galactic Center
Lu, J. R. (2017) · Astrophysics and space science library · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22801-3_3 · Cited by 7
Gondán, L. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3612 · Cited by 7
Sculpting the stellar cusp in the galactic center
Chen, X., & Amaro‐Seoane, P. (2015) · Classical and Quantum Gravity · doi:10.1088/0264-9381/32/6/064001 · Cited by 7
Feeding of active galactic nuclei by dynamical perturbations
Tartėnas, M., & Zubovas, K. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3484 · Cited by 7
“This colection of stars is modeled as two co-eval (Bartko et al. 2009) discs rotating in clockwise and counter-clockwise directions, with a large angle between them (Genzel et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe S stars’ zone of avoidance in the Galactic center
Generozov, A., Perets, H. B., Bordoni, M. S., Bourdarot, G. G., Drescher, A., Eisenhauer, F., Genzel, R., Gillessen, S., Mang, F., Ott, T., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202453272 · Cited by 6
Self-citationThe distance to the Galactic Center
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Fritz, T. K., Pfuhl, O., Ott, T., & Genzel, R. (2012) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921312021060 · Cited by 7
Self-citationMassive stars in the young cluster VVV CL074
Martins, F., Chené, A.-N., Bouret, J. ‐., Borissova, J., Groh, J. H., Alegría, S. R., & Minniti, D. (2019) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201935605 · Cited by 6
Self-citationProbing the formation of planetesimals in the Galactic Centre using Sgr A* flares
Hamers, A. S., & Zwart, S. P. (2014) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2103 · Cited by 6
“…to the late-type stars,∼ 102 young massive stars are observed within the central parsec of the GC, of which a fraction of ∼ 0.2 is distributed within at least one disc structure with an inner edge at projected radius≈ 0.8′′ or≈ 32mpc (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialORIGIN OF THE GALACTIC CENTER S-STARS
Griv, E. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/702/1/l1 · Cited by 6
Fan, X., Wu, Q., Wu, J., Lei, X., Wang, M., & Li, F.-L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad395d · Cited by 5
3D AMR hydrosimulations of a compact-source scenario for the Galactic Centre cloud G2
Ballone, A., Schartmann, M., Burkert, A. M., Gillessen, S., Plewa, P. M., Genzel, R., Pfuhl, O., Eisenhauer, F., Habibi, M., Ott, T., et al. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1408 · Cited by 7
“However, if the source of G2 had been scattered via multiple encounters (Murray-Clay & Loeb 2012) from the clockwise rotating disc of young stars (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009), any pre-existing gas envelope would have been tidally torn apart.”
BackgroundSelf-citationConstraining intermediate-mass black holes from the stellar disc of SgrA*
Fouvry, J.-B., Bustamante-Rosell, M. J., & Zimmerman, A. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2783 · Cited by 5
Hao, W., Kouwenhoven, M. B. N., Spurzem, R., Amaro‐Seoane, P., Mardling, R. A., & Xu, X. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3908 · Cited by 5
Anisotropic mass segregation: Two-component mean-field model
Wang, H., & Kocsis, B. (2023) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.108.103004 · Cited by 5
Labaj, M., Ressler, S. M., Zajaček, M., Plšek, T., Ripperda, B., & Peißker, F. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554982 · Cited by 6
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Rodríguez-Coira, G., Paumard, T., Perrin, G. S., Vincent, F. H., Abuter, R., Amorim, A., Bauböck, M., Berger, J. P., Bonnet, H., Brandner, W., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039501 · Cited by 5
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Levin, Y. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad81f5 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe gas streamer G1–2–3 in the Galactic center
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Cuadra, J., Genzel, R., Calderón, D., Joharle, S., Piran, T., Ribeiro, D. C., Russell, C. M. P., Bordoni, M. S., et al. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202555808 · Cited by 3
Self-citationOn the Missing Red Giants near the Galactic Center
Kim, T., & Goodman, J. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae4ed9 · Cited by 3
Accelerations of stars in the central 2–7 arcsec from Sgr A*
Young, A. R., Gillessen, S., de Zeeuw, P. T., Dallilar, Y., Drescher, A., Eisenhauer, F., Genzel, R., Mang, F., Ott, T., Stadler, J., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244966 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSinghal, M., Šubr, L., & Haas, J. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1276 · Cited by 3
Observations of the gas cloud G2 in the Galactic center
Gillessen, S., Genzel, R., Fritz, T. K., Eisenhauer, F., Pfuhl, O., Ott, T., Burkert, A., Schartmann, M., & Ballone, A. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000702 · Cited by 3
Self-citationSupernovae in massive binaries and compact object mergers near supermassive black holes
Fragione, G., Ginsburg, I., & Loeb, A. (2019) · Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics · doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2019/10/045 · Cited by 3
Mikhaloff, D. N., & Perets, H. B. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2813 · Cited by 6
“The radial surface density profile of the disk can be described by a power-law distribution, Σ(R) ∼ R−β , with β in the range[1.5, 2.3] (Paumard et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2009; Bartko et al. 2009, 2010).”
MethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSculpting the Stellar Cusp in the Galactic CenterPreprint
Chen, X., & Amaro‐Seoane, P. (2015) · Cited by 5
NaCo/SAM observations of sources at the Galactic CenterPreprint
Sánchez-Bermúdez, J., Alberdi, A., & Pott, J. (2016) · Cited by 3
Vector resonant relaxation and statistical closure theory: Direct interaction approximation
Flores, S., & Fouvry, J.-B. (2025) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/physreve.111.044111 · Cited by 2
Closing the gap: Follow-up observations of peculiar dusty objects close to Sgr A * using ERIS
Peißker, F., Zajaček, M., Karas, V., Pavlík, V., Bordier, E., Šubr, L., Haas, J., Melamed, M., Großekathöfer, L., Schmökel, N., et al. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556229 · Cited by 2
Constraining wave dark matter with Galactic-centre resonant dynamics
Ginat, Y. B., & Kocsis, B. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1347 · Cited by 2
“3 The angle between the angular-momentum vector of the nuclear inner disc and the rotation direction of the Galactic disc, which we assume to be aligned with the halo and hence with ˆ L a , is approximately θ ≈ 79 ◦ [17, 20].”
The Unexpected Lack of Asymmetry in the Horizon-scale Image of Sagittarius A*
Faggert, J. C., Özel, F., & Psaltis, D. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad9689 · Cited by 2
Young stars in the Galactic center
Lu, J. R., Ghez, A. M., Morris, M., Clarkson, W. I., Stolte, A., Do, T., Yelda, S., & Anderson, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921314000593 · Cited by 2
Deformation of the Galactic Centre stellar cusp due to the gravity of a growing gas disc
Kaur, K., & Sridhar, S. (2018) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/sty612 · Cited by 3
“This is consistent with the steep surface density profile of the clockwise disc of young stars that lies within about 0.13 pc of the MBH (Paumard et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2009; Bartko et al. 2009; Yelda et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialDiscovery of a Dense Association of Stars in the Vicinity of the Supermassive Black Hole Sgr A*
Hosseini, S. E., Eckart, A., Zajaček, M., Britzen, S., Bhat, H. K., & Karas, V. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad7d06 · Cited by 4
Gas inflow and star formation near supermassive black holes: the role of nuclear activity
Frazer, C. C., & Heitsch, F. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2083 · Cited by 2
“…Sgr A*, many of which belong to a clockwise orbiting disc extending from 0.05 to 0.5 pc (Genzel et al. 2003; Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009, 2010; Lu et al. 2009, 2013; Yelda et al. 2014) with an eccentricity of −eps − converted − to.pdf ilon ≈ 0.3 (Bartko et al. 2009; Yelda et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSzölgyén, Á., Máthé, G., & Kocsis, B. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac13ab · Cited by 25
Zenati, Y., Wang, Q., Bobrick, A., DeMarchi, L. M., Glanz, H., Rozner, M., Jencson, J. E., Rest, A., Metzger, B. D., Margutti, R., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adf6b1 · Cited by 1
Photometric Constraints on Intermediate-mass Black Holes in the Galactic Centre
Roychowdhury, T., von Fellenberg, S. D., Michail, J. M., Willner, S. P., Ford, N. M., Sumners, Z., Sánchez-Maes, S. A., Do, T., García-Marín, M., Markoff, S., et al. (2025) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · doi:10.1088/1538-3873/ae16d6 · Cited by 3
Constraining the Galactic center dark cluster with ELT/MICADO observations
von Fellenberg, S. D., Labaj, M., & Ressler, S. M. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202659043 · Cited by 2
The Physics of Galactic Nuclei
Schartmann, M., Alig, C., Krause, M., & Burkert, A. M. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13872-0_30 · Cited by 1
“Recent observations reveal two sub-parsec-scale rings of about 100 young and massive stars near the radio source SgrA* in our Galactic Centre (GC) [ 2 , 5, 6, 11, 18]: a warped clockwise rotating disc with a mean eccentricity of 0.36 ± 0.06 and a second inclined counter-clockwise rotating disc extending from 0.04 pc t…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Milky Way's nuclear star cluster and massive black hole
Schödel, R. (2014) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921315008029 · Cited by 3
NaCo/SAM observations of sources at the Galactic Center
Sánchez-Bermúdez, J., Schödel, R., Alberdi, A., & Pott, J. U. (2012) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012025 · Cited by 1
Disks of Stars in the Galactic Center Triggered by Tidal Disruption Events
Perna, R., & Grishin, E. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac99d8 · Cited by 1
Davidge, T. J. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/abab97 · Cited by 1
Hypervelocity Stars in the Galactic Halo
Baumgardt, H. (2010) · Reviews in Modern Astronomy · doi:10.1002/9783527634842.ch7
Star formation and the ages of stars
Martins, F. (2014) · EAS Publications Series · doi:10.1051/eas/1465010
Self-citationSimulations of the Galactic Centre Stellar Discs In a Warped Disc Origin Scenario
Ulubay-Siddiki, A., & Bartko, H. (2012) · Journal of Physics Conference Series · doi:10.1088/1742-6596/372/1/012017
Self-citationThe Mechanism and Timescale of Nodal Precession: Two Nuclear Stellar Disks in the Galactic Center
Kondratyev, B. P. (2015) · Open Astronomy · doi:10.1515/astro-2017-0204
Time evolution simulations for the galactic centre circumnuclear disc
Ekinci, B., & Ulubay, A. (2021) · Astrophysics and Space Science · doi:10.1007/s10509-021-03920-y
Haas, J. (2014) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03650-2_4
Chen, Y.-X., & Lin, D. N. C. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1860933/v1
Revisiting the evolutionary status of massive stars in the central parsec of the Milky Way
Gormaz-Matamala, A. C., Cuadra, J., Kubátová, B., Kubát, J., & Ekström, S. (2026) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556877 · Cited by 2
GRAVITY in the galactic center : exploring the central parsec through optical interferometry
Rodríguez-Coira, G. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/2342d82dz2717z4a2az9dabz6c39f9c0e0fc
Secular evolution of stellar clusters
Tep, K. (2023) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ff2acd6czc52dz4aa9z9cdez3e3915090f44
Vector resonant relaxation and statistical closure theory. II. One-loop closure
Flores, S., & Fouvry, J.-B. (2026) · Physical review. E · doi:10.1103/q4fc-76k1
Evolution of Nuclear Star Cluster in Dwarf Galaxy through Mergers and In Situ Star Formation
Jo, Y., Jung, M., Bryan, G. L., Kim, S., Kim, J.-H., & Lee, A. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae50fd
Panamarev, T., Zou, X., & Kocsis, B. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag1637
Bentley, R. O., Do, T., Ghez, A. M., Chu, D., Ciurlo, A., Gautam, A. K., Haggard, Z., Hosek, M. W., O’Neil, K. K., Lewis-Merrill, R. A., et al. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ae82d6
Investigating the Origins of Hypervelocity Stars in the Galactic Center
Singhal, M., Šubr, L., & Haas, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921325104651
“At larger radii, a disk of young stars has been observed in the central region (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; von Fellenberg et al. 2022), which may represent the remnants of a molecular cloud infall and fragmentation event (Mapelli et al. 2012; Bonnell and Rice 2008).”
Singhal, M., Šubr, L., Haas, J., Peißker, F., & Zajaček, M. (2026) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aea49e
Thin Disc Embedded in Extended Spherically Symmetric Cluster
Haas, J. (2014) · Springer theses · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-03650-2_2
Metadata
- Authors
- Bartko, H., Martins, F., Fritz, T. K., Genzel, R., Levin, Y., Perets, H. B., Paumard, T., Nayakshin, S., Gerhard, O., Alexander, T., Dodds-Eden, K., Eisenhauer, F., Gillessen, S., Mascetti, L., Ott, T., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Reid, M. J., Rouan, D., Sternberg, A., & Trippe, S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Bartko, H.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2009-05-14
- Volume
- 697
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1741-1763
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2002943556
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (PP/E00119X/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (202996)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, disk warping, young massive stars, Wolf-Rayet stars, O-type stars, Sgr A*, stellar orbits, orbital plane orientation, angular momentum, in situ star formation, stellar streams, proper motions
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