MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
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We present the results of 16 years of monitoring stellar orbits around the massive black hole in the center of the Milky Way, using high-resolution near-infrared techniques. This work refines our previous analysis mainly by greatly improving the definition of the coordinate system, which reaches a long-term astrometric accuracy of ≈300 μas, and by investigating in detail the individual systematic error contributions. The combination of a long-time baseline and the excellent astrometric accuracy of adaptive optics data allows us to determine orbits of 28 stars, including the star S2, which has completed a full revolution since our monitoring began. Our main results are: all stellar orbits are fit extremely well by a single-point-mass potential to within the astrometric uncertainties, which are now ≈6 × better than in previous studies. The central object mass is , where the fractional statistical error of 1.5% is nearly independent from R 0 , and the main uncertainty is due to the uncertainty in R 0 . Our current best estimate for the distance to the Galactic center is R 0 = 8.33 ± 0.35 kpc. The dominant errors in this value are systematic. The mass scales with distance as (3.95 ± 0.06) × 10 6 ( R 0 /8 kpc) 2.19 M ☉ . The orientations of orbital angular momenta for stars in the central arcsecond are random. We identify six of the stars with orbital solutions as late-type stars, and six early-type stars as members of the clockwise-rotating disk system, as was previously proposed. We constrain the extended dark mass enclosed between the pericenter and apocenter of S2 at less than 0.066, at the 99% confidence level, of the mass of Sgr A*. This is two orders of magnitudes larger than what one would expect from other theoretical and observational estimates.
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Wielgus, M., Marchili, N., Martí-Vidal, I., Keating, G. K., Ramakrishnan, V., Tiede, P., Fomalont, E., Issaoun, S., Neilsen, J., Nowak, M. A., et al. (2025) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac6428 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationTHE INTERACTION OF THE FERMI BUBBLES WITH THE MILKY WAY’S HOT GAS HALO
Miller, M. J., & Bregman, J. N. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/829/1/9 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
THE CONNECTING MOLECULAR RIDGE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Hsieh, P.-Y., Ho, P. T. P., & Hwang, C.-Y. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/811/2/142 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., Alexander, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., & Ott, T.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2009-02-20
- Volume
- 692
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1075-1109
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2110284565
- Cited by
- 1,779
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 79 · 2024: 86 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 79 · 2019: 178 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 92 · 2016: 140 · 2015: 125 · 2014: 120 · 2013: 137 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 61.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Sgr A*, Galactic Center, stellar orbits, S2 star, black hole mass, galactocentric distance, dark matter, disk rotation, systematic errors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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