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EVIDENCE FOR WARPED DISKS OF YOUNG STARS IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Open accessAbstract
The central parsec around the supermassive black hole in the Galactic center (GC) hosts more than 100 young and massive stars. Outside the central cusp ( R ∼ 1'') the majority of these O and Wolf–Rayet (W–R) stars reside in a main clockwise system, plus a second, less prominent disk or streamer system at large angles with respect to the main system. Here we present the results from new observations of the GC with the AO-assisted near-infrared imager NACO and the integral field spectrograph SINFONI on the ESO/VLT. These include the detection of 27 new reliably measured W–R/O stars in the central 12'' and improved measurements of 63 previously detected stars, with proper motion uncertainties reduced by a factor of 4 compared to our earlier work. Based on the sample of 90 well measured W–R/O stars, we develop a detailed statistical analysis of their orbital properties and orientations. We show that half of the W–R/O stars are compatible with being members of a clockwise rotating system. The rotation axis of this system shows a strong transition from the inner to the outer regions as a function of the projected distance from Sgr A*. The main clockwise system either is either a strongly warped single disk with a thickness of about 10°, or consists of a series of streamers with significant radial variation in their orbital planes. Eleven out of 61 clockwise moving stars have an angular separation of more than 30° from the local angular momentum direction of the clockwise system. The mean eccentricity of the clockwise system is 0.36 ± 0.06. The distribution of the counterclockwise W–R/O star is not isotropic at the 98% confidence level. It is compatible with a coherent structure such as stellar filaments, streams, small clusters or possibly a disk in a dissolving state: 10 out of 29 counterclockwise moving W–R/O stars have an angular separation of more than 30° from the local angular momentum direction of the counterclockwise system. The observed disk warp and the steep surface density distribution favor in situ star formation in gaseous accretion disks as the origin of the young massive stars.
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“Additionally, the rotation vectors of individual stars within the clockwise system slightly vary from each other but, overall, remain at an inclination of 122 ◦ ± 7 ◦ (about ∼ 30 ◦ away from the Galactic rotation axis) (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009; Lu et al. 2008; Genzel et al. 2010).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Bartko et al. 2009
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“A younger generation of stars (age ≈ 6 ± 2 Myr) is also observed within the central 0 . 5 pc (Paumard et al. 2006; Bartko et al. 2009).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Bartko et al. 2009
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Cites
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“The quantity p(χ2, 1) = 1 − Erf( √ χ2/2) denotes the probability to observe by chance a value of χ2 or larger, even for a correct model (Yao et al. 2006).”
MONITORING STELLAR ORBITS AROUND THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE IN THE GALACTIC CENTER
Gillessen, S., Eisenhauer, F., Trippe, S., Alexander, T., Genzel, R., Martins, F., & Ott, T. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/692/2/1075 · Cited by 1,779
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“At a distance of about 8 kpc (Eisenhauer et al. 2003b; Gillessen et al. 2009; Ghez et al. 2008; Gronewegen et al. 2008; Trippe et al. 2008), processes in the GC can be studied at much higher resolution compared to any other galactic nucleus.”
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A star in a 15.2-year orbit around the supermassive black hole at the centre of the Milky Way
Schödel, R., Ott, T., Genzel, R., Hofmann, R., Lehnert, M., Eckart, A., Mouawad, N., Alexander, T., Reid, M. J., Lenzen, R., et al. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01121 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 1×
“It is associated with the compact radio source Sgr A*, which must be a massive black hole, beyond any reasonable doubt (Schödel et al. 2002; Ghez et al. 2005; Gillessen et al. 2009).”
Self-citationEvidence for a black hole from high rotation velocities in a sub-parsec region of NGC4258
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“It is also interesting to note a well known example of another warped nuclear disk surrounding a supermassive black hole in another galaxy; the maser disk observation of NGC 4258 (Miyoshi et al. 1995; Herrnstein et al. 1996).”
A new calibration of stellar parameters of Galactic O stars
Martins, F., Schaerer, D., & Hillier, D. J. (2005) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20042386 · Cited by 1,120 · cited 1×
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Self-citationTHE GALACTIC CENTER ENVIRONMENT
Morris, M., & Serabyn, E. (1996) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev.astro.34.1.645 · Cited by 930 · cited 1×
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Galaxy in Context: Structural, Kinematic, and Integrated Properties
Bland-Hawthorn, J., & Gerhard, O. (2016) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081915-023441 · Cited by 1,656
“…(Krabbe et al. 1995), including massive young stars in one and possibly two disks with diameters of 1– 2 arcmin rotating around the SMBH (Paumard et al. 2006, Bartko et al. 2009) and a remarkable concentration of B stars within 1 arcsec of the SMBH, the so-called S stars (Eckart et al. 1995).”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Galactic Center massive black hole and nuclear star cluster
Genzel, R., Eisenhauer, F., & Gillessen, S. (2010) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.82.3121 · Cited by 1,236
Self-citationGIANT GAMMA-RAY BUBBLES FROM FERMI-LAT: ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS ACTIVITY OR BIPOLAR GALACTIC WIND?
Su, M., Slatyer, T., & Finkbeiner, D. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/724/2/1044 · Cited by 756
“In situ star formation from dense gas accretion disks is favored over the inspiraling star cluster scenario (see e.g. Bartko et al. 2009).”
BackgroundA Universal Stellar Initial Mass Function? A Critical Look at Variations
Bastian, N., Covey, K. R., & Meyer, M. R. (2010) · Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101642 · Cited by 1,073
The physics driving the cosmic star formation history
Schaye, J., Vecchia, C. D., Booth, C. M., Wiersma, R. P. C., Theuns, T., Haas, M., Bertone, S., Duffy, A. R., McCarthy, I. G., & van de Voort, F. (2009) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.16029.x · Cited by 872
“…both observations and theory suggest that it is top-heavy in extreme environments like the Galactic Centre and starburst galaxies (e.g. Padoan, Nordlund & Jones 1997; Baugh et al. 2005; Klessen, Spaans & Jappsen 2007; Maness et al. 2007; Bartko et al. 2009; Dabringhausen, Kroupa & Baumgardt 2009).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Bartko, H., Martins, F., Fritz, T. K., Genzel, R., Levin, Y., Perets, H. B., Paumard, T., Nayakshin, S., Gerhard, O., Alexander, T., Dodds-Eden, K., Eisenhauer, F., Gillessen, S., Mascetti, L., Ott, T., Perrin, G., Pfuhl, O., Reid, M. J., Rouan, D., Sternberg, A., & Trippe, S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics (DE)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Weizmann Institute of Science (IL)
- University of Leicester (GB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Tel Aviv University (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Bartko, H.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2009-05-14
- Volume
- 697
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 1741-1763
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2002943556
- Cited by
- 282
- References
- 86
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Leicester Research Archive (University of Leicester) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Israel Science Foundation
- Science and Technology Facilities Council (PP/E00119X/1)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (202996)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Keywords
- Galactic Center, disk warping, young massive stars, Wolf-Rayet stars, O-type stars, Sgr A*, stellar orbits, orbital plane orientation, angular momentum, in situ star formation, stellar streams, proper motions
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