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THE FERMI HAZE: A GAMMA-RAY COUNTERPART TO THE MICROWAVE HAZE
Open accessAbstract
The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope reveals a diffuse inverse Compton (IC) signal in the inner Galaxy with a similar spatial morphology to the microwave haze observed by WMAP, supporting the synchrotron interpretation of the microwave signal. Using spatial templates, we regress out π 0 gammas, as well as IC and bremsstrahlung components associated with known soft-synchrotron counterparts. We find a significant gamma-ray excess toward the Galactic center with a spectrum that is significantly harder than other sky components and is most consistent with IC from a hard population of electrons. The morphology and spectrum are consistent with it being the IC counterpart to the electrons which generate the microwave haze seen at WMAP frequencies. In addition, the implied electron spectrum is hard; electrons accelerated in supernova shocks in the disk which then diffuse a few kpc to the haze region would have a softer spectrum. We describe the full-sky Fermi maps used in this analysis and make them available for download.
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“The presence of a large-scale outflow from the center of our own Galaxy was confirmed after the discovery of two large ( ∼ 8 -10 kpc) γ -ray bubbles using the Fermi-LAT telescope.”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as Dobler et al. 2010
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Cites
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Self-citationCosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy
Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Ptuskin, V. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.nucl.57.090506.123011 · Cited by 1,251 · cited 1×
“A schematic of the relative importance of these emission mechanisms in the Galactic plane (|ℓ| ≤ 30, |b| ≤ 5) generated by the GALPROP code, version 50p (Strong et al. 2000; Porter & Strong 2005; Strong et al. 2007) is shown in Figure 2.”
MethodHigh-mass X-ray binaries as a star formation rate indicator in distant galaxies
Grimm, H. J., Гильфанов, М. Р., & Sunyaev, R. (2003) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06224.x · Cited by 676 · cited 2×
“Examining known point source populations (of AGN and X-ray binaries) generally yields spectral indices α ∼ 1.5−2.2, although at high luminosities steeper power laws with α ∼ 2.5 have been observed in flat spectrum radio quasars, and at low luminosities very shallow power laws with α ∼ 1.2 have been measured in LMXB po…”
InfluentialDiffuse Continuum Gamma Rays from the Galaxy
Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V., & Reimer, O. (2000) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/309038 · Cited by 640 · cited 1×
“A schematic of the relative importance of these emission mechanisms in the Galactic plane (|ℓ| ≤ 30, |b| ≤ 5) generated by the GALPROP code, version 50p (Strong et al. 2000; Porter & Strong 2005; Strong et al. 2007) is shown in Figure 2.”
MethodFERMI/LARGE AREA TELESCOPE BRIGHT GAMMA-RAY SOURCE LIST
Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Band, D. L., Barbiellini, G., Bastieri, D., et al. (2009) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/183/1/46 · Cited by 513 · cited 3×
“…power laws with α ∼ 2.5 have been observed in flat spectrum radio quasars, and at low luminosities very shallow power laws with α ∼ 1.2 have been measured in LMXB populations (Grimm et al. 2003; Gilfanov 2004; Kim & Fabbiano 2004; Voss & Gilfanov 2006; Padovani et al. 2007; Abdo et al. 2009a).”
BackgroundInfluentialTHE FIRST FERMI LARGE AREA TELESCOPE CATALOG OF GAMMA-RAY PULSARS
Abdo, A. A., Ackermann, M., Ajello, M., Atwood, W. B., Axelsson, M., Baldini, L., Ballet, J., Barbiellini, G., Baring, M. G., Bastieri, D., et al. (2010) · The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series · doi:10.1088/0067-0049/187/2/460 · Cited by 463
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Low-mass X-ray binaries as a stellar mass indicator for the host galaxy
Гильфанов, М. Р. (2004) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07473.x · Cited by 371 · cited 1×
“…power laws with α ∼ 2.5 have been observed in flat spectrum radio quasars, and at low luminosities very shallow power laws with α ∼ 1.2 have been measured in LMXB populations (Grimm et al. 2003; Gilfanov 2004; Kim & Fabbiano 2004; Voss & Gilfanov 2006; Padovani et al. 2007; Abdo et al. 2009a).”
InfluentialHigh-energy gamma-ray results from the second small astronomy satellite
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“Previous studies of high latitude gamma-ray emission have reported measurements of an excess of emission above the Galactic plane, most notably SAS2 (Fichtel et al. 1975; Kniffen & Fichtel 1981), COS-B (Strong 1984), and EGRET (Smialkowski et al. 1997; Dixon et al. 1998).”
BackgroundMicrowave Interstellar Medium Emission Observed by the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe
Finkbeiner, D. P. (2004) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/423482 · Cited by 331 · cited 4×
“…which roughly matches the microwave haze (i.e., centered on the GC, roughly spherical, and about 20-40◦ in radius), we now attempt to remove the π0 emission from the maps shown in Figure 1, using the same template fitting technique used in Finkbeiner (2004a) and Dobler & Finkbeiner (2008).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Haslam, 1982, A&AS, 47, 1
- Porter, 2005, ICRC (Pune), 4, 77
- Slatyer, 2010, MNRAS
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BackgroundHüntemeyer, P., Solares, H. A. A., & Hui, C. M. (2016) · International Cosmic Ray Conference · doi:10.22323/1.236.0749 · Cited by 4
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MethodResultInfluentialSearch for High-Energy Gamma Rays in the Northern Fermi Bubble Region with the HAWC Observatory
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Self-citationSpherical harmonics analysis ofFermigamma-ray data and the Galactic dark matter halo
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“This likely microwave counterpart signal of the Fermi bubbles (Dobler et al. 2010) was confirmed by Planck (Dobler 2012; Ade et al. 2013, 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationFermi LAT: More than six years of insights and new puzzles
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“The search for counterparts in other wavelengths led to the discovery of a large-scale high-energy feature in the Fermi -LAT skymap [65-67].”
BackgroundPast, Present, and Future X-Ray and Gamma-Ray Missions
Bulgarelli, A. A., & Guainazzi, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6337-9_4 · Cited by 2
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Inverse Compton gamma-rays from Galactic dark matter annihilation: Anisotropy signaturesPreprint
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BackgroundInfluentialOrigin of nonthermal emission from the Fermi bubbles and mechanisms of particle acceleration there
Dogiel, V., Cheng, K.-S., Chernyshov, D., & Ko, C.-M. (2013) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s174392131400101x
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BackgroundKM3NeT and Fermi bubbles: Some predictions
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BackgroundTeresa Montaruli, A. (2019) · Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2019.07.001 · Cited by 1
“[27] discusses possible models to explain the bubbles.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Sub-TeV transient Gamma-Ray sky: challenges and opportunities
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“Both the Fermi bubbles and the WMAP haze can be explained by synchrotron and inverse-Compton from a hard electron population (Dobler et al 2010).”
BackgroundSatellite infall and mass deposition on the Galactic Centre
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BackgroundInfluentialGalaxy Formation from the Primordial Black Holes
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BackgroundFermi bubbles as sources of cosmic rays above 1 PeV
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“Other diffuse emission contributions have been identified in regions close to the Galactic Center, where the extreme crowding of sources makes it difficult to characterize the various components, and in the so-called Fermi Bubbles, two large regions of γ-ray emitting plasma protruding from the center of the Galaxy, wh…”
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Diffuse Hot Plasma in the Interstellar Medium and Galactic Outflows
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Keshet, U. (2024) · Journal of High Energy Astrophysics · doi:10.1016/j.jheap.2024.12.010
“…2003; Bland-Hawthorn and Cohen, 2003) and extending out to | b | ≳ 50 ◦ latitudes, each presents as a fairly uniform γ -ray teardrop-shaped structure (Dobler et al., 2010; Su et al., 2010), demarked by an X-ray shell (Keshet and Gurwich, 2018), and coincident with a dust component (Keshet et…”
13 Cosmic Particle Accelerators
Hofmann, W., & Hinton, J. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23053-0_49
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Tourmente, O., Rodgers-Lee, D., & Taylor, A. M. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag169
Study of the Galactic Center and Search for Dark Matter with the H.E.S.S. Inner Galaxy Survey
Montanari, A. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/b69e83c8z6355z4b9bz86ddz59d5424822a9
Shaw, V., Harper, S., Dickinson, C., Leahy, J. P., Hoerning, G. A., Cepeda-Arroita, R., Weymann-Despres, G., Peel, M., Taylor, A. C., Pearson, T. J., et al. (2026) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stag989
Metadata
- Authors
- Dobler, G., Finkbeiner, D. P., Cholis, I., Slatyer, T., & Weiner, N.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- New York University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dobler, Gregory
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2010-06-18
- Volume
- 717
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 825-842
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W1980231566
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 17.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Gamma-ray bursts and supernovae
- Keywords
- Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, inverse Compton scattering, Galactic Center gamma-ray excess, synchrotron radiation, electron energy spectrum, bremsstrahlung, diffuse gamma-ray emission, inner Galaxy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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