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THE ATACAMA COSMOLOGY TELESCOPE: ACT-CL J0102–4915 “EL GORDO,” A MASSIVE MERGING CLUSTER AT REDSHIFT 0.87

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Menanteau, Felipe, Hughes, John P., Sifón, Cristóbal, Hilton, Matt, González, Jorge, Infante, Leopoldo, Felipe Barrientos, L., Baker, Andrew J. +19 more·2012·The Astrophysical Journal
DOI 10.1088/0004-637x/748/1/7
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Abstract

We present a detailed analysis from new multi-wavelength observations of the exceptional galaxy cluster ACT-CL J0102−4915, likely the most massive, hottest, most X-ray luminous and brightest Sunyaev–Zel'dovich (SZ) effect cluster known at redshifts greater than 0.6. The Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) collaboration discovered ACT-CL J0102−4915 as the most significant SZ decrement in a sky survey area of 755 deg 2 . Our Very Large Telescope (VLT)/FORS2 spectra of 89 member galaxies yield a cluster redshift, z = 0.870, and velocity dispersion, σ gal = 1321 ± 106 km s −1 . Our Chandra observations reveal a hot and X-ray luminous system with an integrated temperature of T X = 14.5 ± 0.1 keV and 0.5–2.0 keV band luminosity of L X = (2.19 ± 0.11) × 10 45 h −2 70 erg s −1 . We obtain several statistically consistent cluster mass estimates; using empirical mass scaling relations with velocity dispersion, X-ray Y X , and integrated SZ distortion, we estimate a cluster mass of M 200 a = (2.16 ± 0.32) × 10 15 h −1 70 M ☉ . We constrain the stellar content of the cluster to be less than 1% of the total mass, using Spitzer IRAC and optical imaging. The Chandra and VLT/FORS2 optical data also reveal that ACT-CL J0102−4915 is undergoing a major merger between components with a mass ratio of approximately 2 to 1. The X-ray data show significant temperature variations from a low of 6.6 ± 0.7 keV at the merging low-entropy, high-metallicity, cool core to a high of 22 ± 6 keV. We also see a wake in the X-ray surface brightness and deprojected gas density caused by the passage of one cluster through the other. Archival radio data at 843 MHz reveal diffuse radio emission that, if associated with the cluster, indicates the presence of an intense double radio relic, hosted by the highest redshift cluster yet. ACT-CL J0102−4915 is possibly a high-redshift analog of the famous Bullet cluster. Such a massive cluster at this redshift is rare, although consistent with the standard ΛCDM cosmology in the lower part of its allowed mass range. Massive, high-redshift mergers like ACT-CL J0102−4915 are unlikely to be reproduced in the current generation of numerical N -body cosmological simulations.

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  • The detailed X-ray map of Menanteau et al. (2012) shows a large region of tenuous gas but no identifiable peak.

    “The detailed X-ray map of Menanteau et al. (2012) shows a large region of tenuous gas, but no identifiable peak.”

    From The Mismeasure of Mergers: Revised Limits on Self-interacting Dark Matter in Merging Galaxy Clusters (2018) · cites this paper as Menanteau et al. (2012)

    In §2.4 (Chandra X-Ray Observations; page unavailable), the paper identifies a compact peak of X-ray emission and describes it as an X-ray-bright bullet. It also describes a lower-intensity wake, but that does not support the claim that the map has no identifiable peak. (LLM, conf=0.88)

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  • There is no gas peak associated with the northwest subcluster of ACTCL J0102-4915.

    “However, there is no gas peak associated with the northwest subcluster.”

    From The Mismeasure of Mergers: Revised Limits on Self-interacting Dark Matter in Merging Galaxy Clusters (2018) · cites this paper as Menanteau et al. (2012)

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Cited by

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Authors
Menanteau, F., Hughes, J. P., Sifón, C., Hilton, M., González, J., Infante, L., Felipe Barrientos, L., Baker, A. J., Bond, J. R., Das, S., Devlin, M. J., Dunkley, J., Hajian, A., Hincks, A. D., Kosowsky, A., Marsden, D., Marriage, T. A., Moodley, K., Niemack, M. D., Nolta, M. R., Page, L. A., Reese, E. D., Sehgal, N., Sievers, J., Spergel, D. N., Staggs, S. T., & Wollack, E.
Affiliations
  • Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
  • Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (CL)
  • University of Nottingham (GB)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
  • University of Pennsylvania (US)
  • University of Oxford (GB)
  • Princeton University (US)
  • University of Pittsburgh (US)
  • Johns Hopkins University (US)
  • University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
  • National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
  • Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology (US)
  • Goddard Space Flight Center (US)
ORCID
Venue
The Astrophysical Journal
Publisher
American Astronomical Society
Published
2012-02-28
Volume
748
Issue
1
Pages
7
ISSN
  • 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
  • 1538-4357
DOI
10.1088/0004-637x/748/1/7
OpenAlex
W1970330643
Cited by
183
References
0
Citations by year
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FWCI
11.69
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) (submittedVersion)
  • Americanae (AECID Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • arXiv (Cornell University)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation (0530095, 0355328, 0507768, 0408698, 0707731)
  • National Aeronautics and Space Administration
  • Princeton University
  • University of Pennsylvania
  • California Institute of Technology
  • Michigan State University
  • Compute Canada
  • Government of Ontario
  • Leverhulme Trust
  • Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
  • University of Toronto
  • Jet Propulsion Laboratory
  • College of Engineering, Michigan State University
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
  • Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
  • Office of International Science and Engineering
  • Fondo de Financiamiento de Centros de Investigación en Áreas Prioritarias
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
Keywords
El Gordo, cluster mergers, Sunyaev-Zel'dovich effect, X-ray luminous clusters, cluster mass estimation, cool core, radio relics, diffuse radio emission, cluster velocity dispersion, cluster redshifts, high-redshift clusters

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