FUNDAMENTAL LIMITATIONS OF HIGH CONTRAST IMAGING SET BY SMALL SAMPLE STATISTICS
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In this paper, we review the impact of small sample statistics on detection thresholds and corresponding confidence levels (CLs) in high-contrast imaging at small angles. When looking close to the star, the number of resolution elements decreases rapidly toward small angles. This reduction of the number of degrees of freedom dramatically affects CLs and false alarm probabilities. Naively using the same ideal hypothesis and methods as for larger separations, which are well understood and commonly assume Gaussian noise, can yield up to one order of magnitude error in contrast estimations at fixed CL. The statistical penalty exponentially increases toward very small inner working angles. Even at 5–10 resolution elements from the star, false alarm probabilities can be significantly higher than expected. Here we present a rigorous statistical analysis that ensures robustness of the CL, but also imposes a substantial limitation on corresponding achievable detection limits (thus contrast) at small angles. This unavoidable fundamental statistical effect has a significant impact on current coronagraphic and future high-contrast imagers. Finally, the paper concludes with practical recommendations to account for small number statistics when computing the sensitivity to companions at small angles and when exploiting the results of direct imaging planet surveys.
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The NACO contrast curve was corrected for small-number statistics using Mawet et al. (2014).
“The small number of statistically independent patches close to the central star means that a correction is required to the sensitivity as described in Mawet et al. (2014), and we apply this correction to the contrast curve.”
From ALMA and NACO observations towards the young exoring transit system J1407 (V1400 Cen) (2020) · cites this paper as Mawet et al. 2014
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Complex Spiral Structure in the HD 100546 Transitional Disk as Revealed by GPI and MagAO
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Self-citationDiscovery of a low-mass companion inside the debris ring surrounding the F5V star HD 206893
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Self-citationCharacterizing Rocky and Gaseous Exoplanets with 2 m Class Space-based Coronagraphs
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Hybrid Lyot coronagraph for WFIRST-AFTA: coronagraph design and performance metrics
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Three Radial Gaps in the Disk of TW Hydrae Imaged with SPHERE
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Self-citationTwo Directly Imaged, Wide-orbit Giant Planets around the Young, Solar Analog TYC 8998-760-1*
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Self-citationAn Optical/Near-infrared Investigation of HD 100546 b with the Gemini Planet Imager and MagAO
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Self-citationVLT/SPHERE robust astrometry of the HR8799 planets at milliarcsecond-level accuracy
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Self-citationA search for accreting young companions embedded in circumstellar disks
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Self-citationAn enigmatic point-like feature within the HD 169142 transitional disk
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Self-citationDirect imaging discovery of a super-Jovian around the young Sun-like star AF Leporis
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Self-citationDirect imaging and astrometric detection of a gas giant planet orbiting an accelerating star
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Self-citationLow-rank plus sparse decomposition for exoplanet detection in direct-imaging ADI sequences
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Self-citationThe LEECH Exoplanet Imaging Survey: Limits on Planet Occurrence Rates under Conservative Assumptions
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VIP: A Python package for high-contrast imaging
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Self-citationConfirmation and Keplerian motion of the gap-carving protoplanet HD 169142 b
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The MKID Exoplanet Camera for Subaru SCExAO
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On the Mass Function, Multiplicity, and Origins of Wide-orbit Giant Planets
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The SPHERE infrared survey for exoplanets (SHINE)
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Self-citationPynPoint: a modular pipeline architecture for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data
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Testing giant planet formation in the transitional disk of SAO 206462 using deep VLT/SPHERE imaging
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Self-citationCharacterizing the Performance of the NIRC2 Vortex Coronagraph at W. M. Keck Observatory
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Self-citationDirect imaging of an ultracool substellar companion to the exoplanet host star HD 4113 A
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Blobs, spiral arms, and a possible planet around HD 169142
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Self-citationPynPoint: a modular pipeline architecture for processing and analysis of high-contrast imaging data
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Self-citationSeparating extended disc features from the protoplanet in PDS 70 using VLT/SINFONI
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Self-citationTHE FIRST SCIENCE RESULTS FROM SPHERE: DISPROVING THE PREDICTED BROWN DWARF AROUND V471 TAU
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Self-citationON-SKY PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF THE VECTOR APODIZING PHASE PLATE CORONAGRAPH ON MagAO/Clio2
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Self-citationInvestigating the young solar system analog HD 95086
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Self-citationDirect imaging of an ultracool substellar companion to the exoplanet host star HD 4113 A
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High-contrast imaging of HD 163296 with the Keck/NIRC2 L′-band vortex coronograph
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Self-citationCHARACTERIZATION OF THE INNER DISK AROUND HD 141569 A FROM KECK/NIRC2 L-BAND VORTEX CORONAGRAPHY
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Self-citationFirst Scattered-light Images of the Gas-rich Debris Disk around 49 Ceti
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Discovery of a directly imaged planet to the young solar analog YSES 2
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Self-citationProtoplanetary disks in Ks-band total intensity and polarized light
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Self-citationSupervised detection of exoplanets in high-contrast imaging sequences
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Self-citationImaging low-mass planets within the habitable zone of α Centauri
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Self-citationHST/WFC3 Hα Direct-imaging Detection of a Pointlike Source in the Disk Cavity of AB Aur
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ISPY-NACO Imaging Survey for Planets around Young stars
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Improving signal-to-noise in the direct imaging of exoplanets and circumstellar disks with MLOCI
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Self-citationHigh-contrast study of the candidate planets and protoplanetary disk around HD 100546
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Self-citationReference-star differential imaging on SPHERE/IRDIS
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Self-citationA New Standard for Assessing the Performance of High Contrast Imaging Systems
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Self-citationSupervised detection of exoplanets in high-contrast imaging sequences
Gonzalez, C. A. G., Absil, O., & Droogenbroeck, M. V. (2017) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201731961 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationDirect imaging of sub-Jupiter mass exoplanets with James Webb Space Telescope coronagraphy
Carter, A. L., Hinkley, S., Bonavita, M., Phillips, M. W., Girard, J. H., Perrin, M. D., Pueyo, L. A., Vigan, A., Gagné, J., & Skemer, A. J. I. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3579 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationJWST/MIRI coronagraphic performances as measured on-sky
Boccaletti, A., Cossou, C., Baudoz, P., Lagage, P.-O., Dicken, D., Glasse, A. C. H., Hines, D. C., Aguilar, J., Detre, O., Nickson, B. F., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244578 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationRich, E. A., Wisniewski, J. P., Currie, T., Fukagawa, M., Grady, C. A., Sitko, M. L., Pikhartova, M., Hashimoto, J., Abe, L., Brandner, W., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab0f3b · Cited by 40 · see citing works
DIRECT EXOPLANET DETECTION WITH BINARY DIFFERENTIAL IMAGING
Rodigas, T. J., Weinberger, A. J., Mamajek, E. E., Males, J. R., Close, L. M., Morzinski, K. M., Hinz, P. M., & Kaib, N. A. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/811/2/157 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Subaru/SCExAO First-light Direct Imaging of a Young Debris Disk around HD 36546
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Improving signal-to-noise in the direct imaging of exoplanets and circumstellar disks with MLOCI
Wahhaj, Z., Cieza, L. A., Mawet, D. P., Yang, B., Cánovas, H., de Boer, J., Casassus, S., Ménard, F., Schreiber, M. R., Liu, M. C., et al. (2015) · Springer Link (Chiba Institute of Technology) · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201525837/pdf · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationWertz, O., Absil, O., Gonzalez, C. A. G., Milli, J., Girard, J. H., Mawet, D. P., & Pueyo, L. A. (2016) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1610.04014 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Mawet, D., Milli, J., Wahhaj, Z., Pelat, D., Absil, O., Delacroix, C., Boccaletti, A., Kasper, M., Kenworthy, M., Marois, C., Mennesson, B., & Pueyo, L.
- Affiliations
- European Southern Observatory (CL)
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- University of Liège (BE)
- European Southern Observatory (DE)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (CA)
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory (US)
- Space Telescope Science Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-08-21
- Volume
- 792
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 97
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2147778163
- Cited by
- 369
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 13.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- NPARC (submittedVersion)
- ORBi (University of Liège) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- California Institute of Technology
- European Commission
- Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles
- European Southern Observatory
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Adaptive optics and wavefront sensing
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Astronomy and Astrophysical Research
- Keywords
- high-contrast imaging, small sample statistics, detection threshold, confidence level, false alarm probability, inner working angle, coronagraphy, exoplanet direct imaging, statistical limitations, contrast estimation
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