The DOI matches its Crossref record; 47 of the 47 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
First accuracy evaluation of NIST-F2
Open accessAbstract
We report the first accuracy evaluation of NIST-F2, a second-generation laser-cooled caesium fountain primary standard developed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with a cryogenic (liquid nitrogen) microwave cavity and flight region. The 80 K atom interrogation environment reduces the uncertainty due to the blackbody radiation shift by more than a factor of 50. Also, the Ramsey microwave cavity exhibits a high quality factor (>50 000) at this low temperature, resulting in a reduced distributed cavity phase shift. NIST-F2 has undergone many tests and improvements since we first began operation in 2008. In the last few years NIST-F2 has been compared against a NIST maser time scale and NIST-F1 (the US primary frequency standard) as part of in-house accuracy evaluations. We report the results of nine in-house comparisons since 2010 with a focus on the most recent accuracy evaluation. This paper discusses the design of the physics package, the laser and optics systems and the accuracy evaluation methods. The type B fractional uncertainty of NIST-F2 is shown to be 0.11 × 10 −15 and is dominated by microwave amplitude dependent effects. The most recent evaluation (August 2013) had a statistical (type A) fractional uncertainty of 0.44 × 10 −15 .
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“Microwave clocks were improved by three orders of magnitude in the past decades, now approaching the level of 10−16 (Heavner et al. 2014), see also Fig. 4.”
From Clock networks for height system unification: a simulation study (2019) · cites this paper as Heavner et al. 2014
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Cites
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Accuracy evaluation of NIST-F1
Jefferts, S. R., Shirley, J. H., Parker, T. E., Heavner, T. P., Meekhof, D. M., Nelson, C. W., Levi, F., Costanzo, G. A., Marchi, A. D., Drullinger, R. E., et al. (2002) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/39/4/1 · Cited by 402
Self-citationWynands, R., & Weyers, S. (2005) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/42/3/s08 · Cited by 374
NIST-F1: recent improvements and accuracy evaluations
Heavner, T. P., Jefferts, S. R., Donley, E. A., Shirley, J. H., & Parker, T. E. (2005) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/42/5/012 · Cited by 355
Self-citationProgress in atomic fountains at LNE-SYRTE
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Double-pass acousto-optic modulator system
Donley, E. A., Heavner, T. P., Levi, F., Tataw, M. O., & Jefferts, S. R. (2005) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.1930095 · Cited by 237
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- Heavner T P, 2008, Proc. 2008 Symp. Frequency Standards and Metrology, 299
- Jefferts S R, 2003, Proc. 2003 Joint Meeting IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. and EFTF Conf., 1084
- Donley E A, 2005, Proc. 2005 Joint Meeting IEEE Int. Frequency Control Symp. and PTTI, 292
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Items 201–204 of 204
Martínez, H. Á. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/f4d4b814z0e3bz417fz9e16z11828e4b2ec3
Bertrand, M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/fef0f0e8z8e45z4a6az91a1z93a9ea04ca90
Time-dependent adiabatic elimination in matter-wave optics
Böhringer, S., Bott, A., & Glasbrenner, E. P. (2026) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0304521
Anderson, D. A., Duspayev, A., Raithel, G. A., Simons, M. T., & Holloway, C. L. (2026) · AVS Quantum Science · doi:10.1116/5.0340257
Metadata
- Authors
- Heavner, T. P., Donley, E. A., Levi, F., Costanzo, G., Parker, T. E., Shirley, J. H., Ashby, N., Barlow, S., & Jefferts, S. R.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Standards and Technology (US)
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (IT)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Heavner, Thomas P
- Venue
- Metrologia
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2014-05-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 174-182
- ISSN
- 0026-1394 (ISSN-L)
- 1681-7575
- OpenAlex
- W2162126832
- Cited by
- 205
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 10.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metrologia (publishedVersion)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PORTO Publications Open Repository TOrino (Politecnico di Torino) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Instrumentation › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- laser cooling, blackbody radiation shift, type B uncertainty, type A uncertainty
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