The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 42 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives
Open accessAbstract
Biomagnetism involves the measurement and analysis of very weak local magnetic fields of living organisms and various organs in humans. Such fields can be of physiological origin or due to magnetic impurities or markers. This paper reviews existing and prospective applications of biomagnetism in clinical research and medical diagnostics. Currently, such applications require sensitive magnetic SQUID sensors and amplifiers. The practicality of biomagnetic methods depends especially on techniques for suppressing the dominant environmental electromagnetic noise, and on suitable nearly real-time data processing and interpretation methods. Of the many biomagnetic methods and applications, only the functional studies of the human brain (magnetoencephalography) and liver susceptometry are in clinical use, while functional diagnostics of the human heart (magnetocardiography) approaches the threshold of clinical acceptance. Particularly promising for the future is the ongoing research into low-field magnetic resonance anatomical imaging using SQUIDs.
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Claims the paper makes
58 No basis given · 38 Own interpretation · 15 No full text of the sources · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Sources not found · 2 Partly supported · 1 Couldn’t confirm · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Mapping of internal current sources from externally measured magnetic fields is attempted by solving the forward or inverse problem [7,17].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [7] Vrba J, 2002, Supercond. Sci. Technol. source
Section 3.1 says a compact cortical source can be localized by fitting measured magnetic fields to those predicted by a forward model. The Introduction also describes forward modelling of the field produced by a current dipole. Together, these support the claim's description of mapping internal sources from external field measurements. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not matchedcites [17] Vrba J, 2006, SQUID Handbook
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“To obtain an approximate solution of the inverse problem, various variants of the minimum norm technique are usually employed [7,16,19].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites [7] Vrba J, 2002, Supercond. Sci. Technol. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 describes localizing a dipole by fitting measured fields to a forward model, and the Number of channels section describes least-squares dipole fitting. Neither passage says that variants of the minimum-norm technique are usually used to approximate solutions to the inverse problem. Searches for minimum-norm inverse solutions found no passage addressing that claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
- Not matchedcites [19] Sachse F B Werner C D Stenroos M H Schulte R F Zerfass P Dössel O, 2000, Proc. 3rd Users Conf. of the National Library of Medicine’s Visible Human Project
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Could not verify
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“As another, the ability to detect repolarization abnormalities (potential heart infarction) at rest, even in patients with non-specific 12-lead ECG and normal troponine enzyme test [28].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [28] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Data Analysis section describes MCG findings during the T-wave repolarization interval as criteria for ischemia. The Discussion reports that admission MCG predicted coronary artery disease despite false-negative ECG and troponin-I findings, including in patients whose ECG was nondiagnostic. The study assessed ischemia and coronary artery disease, however, not MCG detection of a potential myocardial infarction; its Methods say patients with an unambiguously ECG-diagnosed acute infarction were excluded. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Partly supported
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Even systems suitable for foetal MEG are used in clinical research [16,26].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“High-T c SQUIDs are less sensitive, especially at low frequencies below, say, 10 Hz due to their high 1/ f noise [2,3].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 2. Major challenges in biomagnetism
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One can see that such procedure reproduces true position of deep sources much better than other variants, which do not introduce a weighing bias.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“As one representative example, we cite the recently documented ability of MCG to predict CAD in patients presenting with acute chest pain [27].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [27] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The total noise cancellation by shielded room, 3rd order synthetic gradiometers, and an adaptive balancing method exceeds 7 orders of magnitude.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Even unshielded MEG operation is possible [23], as confirmed by figure 5.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
hedgedSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When combining shielding with high-order gradiometry, as shown in figure 2, and software denoising or spatial filtering, the system sensitivity can maintain that level in the signal bandwidth.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 71
- It may state two separate claims as one. 37
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the many biomagnetic methods and applications, only the functional studies of the human brain (magnetoencephalography) and liver susceptometry are in clinical use, while functional diagnostics of the human heart (magnetocardiography) approaches the threshold of clinical acceptance.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results of such mapping and localization are as a rule superposed (fused) with anatomical images obtained usually by MRI.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The use of non-adaptive filters, however, is not without risk: notch filters, also used to suppress the power line frequencies, generally distort the signal somewhat.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.4. Signal processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Well-balanced first-order hardware gradiometers suppress common-mode (spatially homogeneous) noise typically by a factor of 10 2 -10 4 , with electronic reference corrections up to 10 6 .”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Modern commercial MEG systems are, as a rule, wholecortex SQUID arrays measuring locally the radial magnetic field components of the brain.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While we give only these two examples, we emphasize that documented uses of MEG are quite broad and expanding, also in language studies, psychopharmacology and neuropsychiatry (mental health studies).”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The typical number of sensors ranges between about 120 and 300, and tends to be higher in the newest models.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-T c SQUIDs, having B N in the range between 10 and 100 fT Hz -1/2 might be usable in some applications.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In most neurological and psychological studies, brain responses intentionally evoked by various external somatosensory stimuli (auditory, visual, tactile, olfactory) are measured.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Distortion shall increase with the gradiometer order.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Induced signals of impurities and markers can be stronger, up into the nanotesla range.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the USA, the MEG preoperative use is approved by the Food & Drug Administration (FDA) and reimbursed by a number of insurance companies.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most systems are universal, permitting measurements in both positions.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At present, approximately 120 MEG systems are operational or in installation worldwide.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The systems mentioned above are suitable for adult subjects and patients.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In terms of the magnetic field (induction) spectral intensity, B, measurable signals generated by living tissues range from about 1 fT (nerves) to 100 pT (human heart) Hz -1/2 .”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This method is already broadly accepted in advanced neurological and psychological research, as a functional mapping tool complementary and superior to EEG.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This still poses technical challenges for the near future, but viable technical solutions exist, and their implementation into biomagnetic hardware is now budding in smaller systems [4].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 2. Major challenges in biomagnetism
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Weinstock H, 1995, SQUID Sensors: Fundamentals, Fabrication and Applications source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To give just one more example, effects as subtle as migraine centres can be localized in the cortex, and their evolution in time during a migraine attack followed [23].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [23] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current low-T c SQUID technology fulfils these requirements satisfactorily and further modest improvements are possible.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 2. Major challenges in biomagnetism
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter can have intensities exceeding those to be measured by up to twelve orders of magnitude (in the worst cases), and sometimes attaining levels comparable to that of the Earth's magnetic field.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.1. Approaches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The liquid-heliumcooled, low-T c SQUID intrinsic noise floor or magnetic field resolution, B N , is typically in the range between 1 and 10 fT Hz -1/2 .”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The intrinsic sensitivity of sensors, B N , is typically a few fT/Hz 1/2 .”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Acceptance is also increasing in clinical practice, where it is used mostly for preoperative functional mapping and localization, especially of epileptic foci.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has 76 gradiometric channels with B N < 10 fT/Hz 1/2 plus an 8-channel tensor reference array and is capable of operating in an unshielded environment.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [25] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a rule, a large number of EEG channels (e.g., 128) is also included for simultaneous MEG and EEG data acquisition.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Generally, measurable signals are those of cortical columns representing collective action of 10 4 -10 5 neuronal dendritic cells.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Today, well over 90% of all operating SQUIDs worldwide are used in medical research and diagnostics, mostly of the human brain.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The scope of this article does not permit us to cover the many areas of MEG application, but we acknowledge that MEG is currently the dominant area of biomagnetism.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, research users usually require shielding for the best possible results.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, the typical signal representation for diagnostic use is the 2D map of instantaneous magnetic field intensity, B z , and its time evolution during the whole cardiac cycle or a sub-segment of it.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The temporal MCG traces are largely analogous to ECG traces.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In cases where the magnetic field can be represented by one equivalent magnetic or current dipole (EMD, ECD), its time evolution and deviations from normal (healthy) pattern are usually quantified for disease characterization and classification.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significance of such sources for disease diagnostics is currently being explored.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The practicality of biomagnetic methods depends especially on techniques for suppressing the dominant environmental electromagnetic noise, and on suitable nearly real-time data processing and interpretation methods.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Currently, such applications require sensitive magnetic SQUID sensors and amplifiers.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Signal averaging can effectively reduce uncorrelated noise.It is suitable when measuring periodical or readily repeatable biosignals, rather than single or aperiodic events.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.4. Signal processing
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three main categories of remedies are: (i) passive and active magnetic and electromagnetic shielding, (ii) magnetic gradiometry, and (iii) signal filtering, averaging and more sophisticated mathematical methods of separating signals originating from sources at different locations.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.1. Approaches
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Knowledge of the location and nature of biomagnetic sources is the key to diagnostically relevant information.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 2. Major challenges in biomagnetism
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, measured composite biosignals simultaneously originating from sources at various positions with respect to the sensing coil may be distorted.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electric and magnetic fields of physiological sources are orthogonal in space, and in some cases they can be measured simultaneously to acquire complementary information.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“To arrive at a unique solution, one should assume a possibly realistic, but simplified mathematical model of the source(s) [17,18], and use the information obtained from other measurements, both functional and anatomical.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [17] Vrba J, 2006, SQUID Handbook
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites [18] Dössel O, 2000
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its rather slow penetration into hospital routine use is mainly due to the high investment cost (of the whole system) and special siting requirements for any shielded room.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maxwell's equations tie time-varying electric and magnetic fields together so that when there are bioelectric fields there are also bioelectromagnetic fields, and vice versa.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Multichannel SQUID arrays for simultaneous measurement at many locations are suitable for functional magnetic imaging or mapping of selected organs and may also be useful for anatomical imaging by low-field MRI (LFMRI).”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Localization algorithms acting like spatial filters (e.g., the beamformers) perform forward calculations.Such spatial filters simultaneously separate noise sources, as mentioned above.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As an example, the simplest possible model is the equivalent current dipole (ECD).It is often adequate for brain modelling, but may be inadequate, e.g., for the diseased heart.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such SQUIDs might be used in applications such as heart diagnostics.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 2. Major challenges in biomagnetism
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter two are typically used for local, point-like stationary sources, e.g. in the human brain, and are also used as forward solutions for source localizations (see section 4 below).”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.4. Signal processing
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, noise gradients shall not be subtracted.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The best and ultimate verification of a given model and localization algorithm's effectiveness is an experimental verification using invasive methods, by introducing sensing and stimulating electrodes.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Electric and magnetic fields emanated by living matter usually have a common physiological origin.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 1. Introduction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All gradiometers are spatial filters, which preferentially select nearest signal sources.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.3. Gradiometry
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We note that not all functions of organs can be properly interpreted by localized solutions.This is the case, for example, of higher-order cognitive functions of the brain such as language or memory.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A potential solution to the dilemma could be the usage of local magnetic shielding as introduced, for example, in [5].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 3.2. Shielding
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [5] Fagaly R, 2005
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Its eventual broad acceptance in medical practice is likely, but only after publication of many high quality clinical trials occurs in representative medical journals.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Liver susceptometry does not involve imaging, but rather an integral quantitative assessment of iron stores in the liver [1,16].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 8. Liver susceptometry
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [1] Andrä W, 1998, Magnetism in Medicine
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [16] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Broad clinical acceptance of MCG, if it occurs, should have a positive effect on the clinical introduction of other methods, such as MNG, MGG and MENG (table 1), because hardware with planar sensor arrays is also usable here.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The MEG and liver susceptometry hardware is relatively mature and only incremental improvements should be expected, except for eventual MEG's integration with LFMRI.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the LFMRI is still in the research phase, the probability is high that it will soon become a new major direction of commercial developments and practical implementation.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Few commercial MCG systems exist (see figure 9), in both magnetically shielded and unshielded variants, most of which should be considered prototypes.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It offers a wide spectrum of clinical research and diagnostic opportunities, of which at least some should eventually have a major impact on health care quality and economics.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nevertheless, if broadly accepted, MCG might have the highest socio-economical impact of all biomagnetic methods, because it offers a completely non-invasive and fast test for major heart diseases and risks, including heart infarction.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The contrast in low field is not as good as in high, but may be sufficient for some diagnostic uses.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 9. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Good prospects exist also for its use in the early detection of genetic hemochromatosis, before it becomes symptomatic and difficult to treat.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 8. Liver susceptometry
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most of the current clinical studies concentrate on various aspects of coronary artery (ischemic) disease (CAD), others address the diagnostics of arrhythmias”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, biomagnetism using SQUID is currently underutilized.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Provided that the quality of data is not impaired, unshielded systems should be advantageous in clinical environments.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A promising perspective is the in vivo application of superparamagnetic markers, especially if the current research into breast cancer detection proves successful [51].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [51] Wikswo J P, 2004, Phys. Today source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Deviation from the generally valid orthogonality of electric and magnetic fields can be caused by the conduction anisotropy of the heart muscle, which might also contribute to the non-equivalence of MCG and BSPM (ECG) [32].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [32] Kosch O Meindl P Steinhoff U Trahms L Nenonen J Ilmoniemi R J Katila T, 2001, Biomag 2000: Proc. 12th Int. Conf. on Biomagnetism
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The first MRI experiments in the millitesla range were pioneered a decade ago by Seton et al and involved tuned amplifiers [39,40].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 9. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites [39] Haacke E A, 2000, Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Physical Principles and Sequence Design
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [40] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Foetal MCG studies have been progressing for years and the method has a good chance of broader acceptance, because foetal ECG cannot be used over a part of gestation period-the foetus is then electrically insulated by a wax layer (vernix caseosa).”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Foetal ECG cannot be used over a part of gestation period because the foetus is electrically insulated by vernix caseosa.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also ideally suitable for population screening and non-invasive monitoring of drug therapy.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast to MEG, this method entered only recently into the phase of extensive and statistically significant clinical trials in Europe and in USA.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When practical LFMRI systems become available, they will be inherently more patient-friendly (open, quiet), and should also be less expensive than whole-body high-field systems.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 9. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among obstacles to acceptance, we mention here the competition of other novel methods such as cardiac MRI, the high 'cryogenic barrier', relatively high investment cost (although much lower than that of cardiac MRI), and a certain conservatism of cardiologists and their clear preference for anatomical imaging.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, LFMRI offers the possibility to image in the presence of metal implants and biopsy needles, which is impossible with highfield MRI.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 9. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This fusion of modalities could tremendously improve the accuracy of functional localization, and make methods such as MEG and MCG much more attractive.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 9. Low-field magnetic resonance imaging
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In MCG, one can expect more technical evolution, especially if the method becomes broadly accepted in clinical medicine.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, due to especially low signal levels, MNG will always require very effective and thus expensive magnetic shielding.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The general trend in SQUID hardware should be towards closed-cycle cooling systems with reliable and quiet cryocoolers.”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper relies on this without support.
Biological systems are in most cases rather complex and have a number of degrees of freedom exceeding the number of sensors to measure them.
“Also, biological systems are in most cases rather complex and have a number of degrees of freedom exceeding the number of sensors to measure them.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients are frequently attached to other mobile apparatus, may be clinically unstable or tending to claustrophobia.
“However, in practice this concept may not be applicable, because patients are frequently attached to other mobile apparatus, may be clinically unstable or tending to claustrophobia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Even moderately effective MSRs are quite expensive and greatly impair the flexibility of using a biomagnetic method in real-life clinical environments.
“Unfortunately, even moderately effective MSRs are quite expensive and greatly impair the flexibility of using a biomagnetic method in real-life clinical environments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only mechanical cryocoolers can meet the requirements for safe, reliable, relatively inexpensive and invisible cryogenic cooling.
“Only mechanical cryocoolers can meet such requirements.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 3D inverse problem is ill-defined.
“Fundamentally, the 3D inverse problem is ill-defined.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are no databases from which precise rules for interpreting MCG recordings can be deduced.
“the interpretation of MCG recordings is a challenge for cardiologists, since there are no databases from which precise rules can be deduced.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Machine learning is typically powerful for handling missing information problems.
“It is typically powerful for handling so-called missing information problems.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Livers of normal subjects contain 50-500 µg g -1 of iron, while pathological iron overload can extend up to 5000 µg g -1.
“Livers of normal subjects contain 50-500 µg g -1 , while pathological iron overload can extend up to 5000 µg g -1 .”
The paper relies on this without support.
Foetal ECG cannot be used over a part of gestation period because the foetus is electrically insulated by vernix caseosa.
“foetal ECG cannot be used over a part of gestation period-the foetus is then electrically insulated by a wax layer (vernix caseosa).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
“Another is the verification of the bidomain model of the heart by studying isolated perfused rabbit hearts simultaneously by SQUID microscope, electrical electrodes and optical methods [22].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“22. Fenici R et al 1999 Non-fluoroscopic localisation of an amagnetic stimulation catheter by multichannel magnetocardiography Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 22 1210-20 23. Holzer J R, Fong L E, Didorov V Y, Wikswo J P and Baudenbacher F 2004 High resolution magnetic images of planar wave fronts reveal bidomain properties of cardiac tissue Biophys. J. 87 4326-32”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
“One such example is the use of a nonmagnetic pacing catheter introduced into the human heart for verification of the accuracy of a localization technique [21].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“21. Gorodnitsky I F, George S G and Rao B D 1995 Neuromagnetic source imaging with focuss-a recursive weighted minimum norm algorithm Encephalogr. Clin. Neurophys. 95 231-51 22. Fenici R et al 1999 Non-fluoroscopic localisation of an amagnetic stimulation catheter by multichannel magnetocardiography Pacing Clin. Electrophysiol. 22 1210-20”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 6. Magnetoencephalography
“Most recently, the first system designed for newly-born infants was introduced as the 'babySQUID TM ' [25].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“25. Vrba J and Robinson S E 2001 Signal processing in magnetoencephalography Methods 25 249-71 26. Okada Y et al 2006 BabySQUID ® : a mobile, high-resolution multichannel MEG system for neonatal brain assessment Rev. Sci. Instrum. 77 at press”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
“A promising perspective is the in vivo application of superparamagnetic markers, especially if the current research into breast cancer detection proves successful [51].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“51. Wikswo J P 2004 SQUIDs remain the best tools for measuring brain's magnetic field Phys. Today 57 (2) 15-7 52. Flynn E R and Bryant H C 2005 A biomagnetic system for in vivo cancer imaging Phys. Med. Biol. 50 1273-93”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 7. Magnetocardiography
“As one representative example, we cite the recently documented ability of MCG to predict CAD in patients presenting with acute chest pain [27].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“27. Preissl H, Lowery C L and Eswaran H 2004 Fetal magnetoencephalography: current progress and trends Exp. Neurol. 190 S28-36 28. Park J-W, Hill P M, Chung N, Hugenholtz P G and Jung F 2005 Magnetocardiography predicts coronary artery disease in patients with acute chest pain Ann. Noninv. Electrocardiol. 10 312-23”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 4. Modelling and localization, data interpretation
“The FOCUSS (FOCal Undetermined System Solution), performs recursive linear estimation based on a weighted pseudo-inverse solution [20].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“20. Hamalainen M S and Ilmoniemi R J 1994 Interpreting magnetic-fields of the brain-minimum norm estimates Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 32 35-42 21. Gorodnitsky I F, George S G and Rao B D 1995 Neuromagnetic source imaging with focuss-a recursive weighted minimum norm algorithm Encephalogr. Clin. Neurophys. 95 231-51”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > 10. Trends and outlook
“Two different types of these have been proposed for MEG [47,48] and MCG [49].”
§ Biomagnetism using SQUIDs: status and perspectives > References
“49. Seltzer S J and Romalis M V 2004 Unshielded three-axis vector operation of a spin-exchange-relaxation-free atomic magnetometer Appl. Phys. Lett. 85 4804-6 50. Bison G, Wynands R and Weis A 2003 Dynamic mapping of the human cardiomagnetic field with a room-temperature, laser-optical sensor Opt. Express 11 904-9”
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“For the past several decades, scientific and clinical advances in biomagnetism have been achieved predominantly using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometers and gradiometers (Sternickel and Braginski 2006).”
BackgroundKnappe, S. A., Sander, T. H., Kosch, O., Wiekhorst, F., Kitching, J. E., & Trahms, L. (2010) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.3491548 · Cited by 121
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“published literature [4,10,11].”
SQUID-based instrumentation for ultralow-field MRI
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“Unlike conventional high-field imaging, ULF MRI is compatible with SQUID-based techniques for biomagnetic measurements [ 21 ] such as magnetoencephalography (MEG) [22] and magnetocardiography (MCG) [23].”
MethodUltrasensitive Magnetoelectric Sensing System for Pico-Tesla MagnetoMyoGraphy
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“with emergence of efficient magnetic technologies [6], [11].”
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BackgroundClinical magnetocardiography: the unshielded bet—past, present, and future
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“MEG equipment usually rely on SQUID as the core [49] , which requires exceptionally high magnetic shielding [24 , 50 , 51] and liquid nitrogen for cooling, which is costly [52] .”
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“01 to 100 Hz [31] is typically required for a signal-true MCG recording.”
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BackgroundThin-Film-Based SAW Magnetic Field Sensors
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“The limits of detection for superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID), optical pumped magnetometer (OPM), Fluxgate, and magneto-impedance (MI) sensors at 10 Hz are approximately 1 fT/ √ Hz [1], 10 fT/ √ Hz [2], 5 pT/ √ Hz [3], and 10 pT/ √ Hz [4], respectively.”
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Alignment of magnetic sensing and clinical magnetomyography
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“Hence, the problems associated with using electrodes, such as poor electrical contact, interfering direct current (DC), contact potentials arising from both surface and needle EMG, and inability to be used in chronic implants, are non-existent (Sternickel and Braginski, 2006).”
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“same time, the scheme of using software gradiometer in a MSR seems to be a suitable compromise [7], [8].”
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Miniature quad-channel spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer for magnetoencephalography
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Biomagnetic Methods: Technologies Applied to Pharmaceutical Research
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“Among the aforementioned applications, biomagnetism is certainly one of the fields where SQUID sensors play a fundamental role providing an effective tool to study the magnetic field related to the electric activity in the human body [20,21].”
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The development of a multichannel atomic magnetometer array for fetal magnetocardiography
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“For biomedical applications, superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) have been used for noninvasive anatomical and functional medical diagnostics involving imaging, and magnetic marker monitoring of disintegrating and non-disintegrating tablets, capsules and pellets in the gastrointestinal tract [1–4].”
MethodSuperconductive Electronics: A 25-Year Review [Feature]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialMagnetic noise in a low-power picotesla magnetoresistive sensor
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“For example, there is need to develop novel sensor arrays to detect munitions and explosives of concern [1], monitor the change of the magnetic field of the Earth and space [2], and detect magnetic biological signals and agents [ 3 ].”
BackgroundSelf-powered elementary hybrid magnetoelectric sensor
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Phononic-Crystal-Based SAW Magnetic-Field Sensors
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“clinical acceptance for its high cost and immobility [8], [9].”
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A High Sensitivity Laser-Pumped Cesium Magnetometer
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“[35] Karsten Sternickel and Alex I Braginski.”
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“Magnetic sensors are based on a variety of principles, including: superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) [3], [4]; fluxgate sensors [5]; spin-exchange relaxation free (SERF) sensors [6]; cavity-optomechanical sensors [7]; Hall effect sensors [8]; magnetoresistive (MR) sensors [9]; and microelectromechan…”
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“The first one concerns the use of superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) to directly register the electromagnetic activity of the stomach (Jenks et al 1997, Bradshaw et al 1999, Irimia et al 2006a, 2006b, Sternickel and Braginski 2006).”
BackgroundMiniature orthogonal fluxgate sensor in rotation magnetization mode: Modeling and characterization
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MethodOptimization of U-shaped Cu@ Fe20Ni80 core for orthogonal fluxgate sensor
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“Until now, mainly SQUIDs (Super Conducting Quantum Interference Devices) [8] and recently OPMs (Optically Pumped Magnetometers) [9,10] are used for the measurement of biomagnetic signals.”
BackgroundBio-magnetic signatures of fetal breathing movement
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A novel superconducting quantum interference device for biomagnetic measurements
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“Due to the low power, low noise, and high speed RSFQ systems are utilized in high-resolution sensors [7] and high-performance wireless communication systems [8].”
BackgroundProposal of Coil Structure for Air-Core Induction Magnetometer
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“In most cases, one needs to use three or at least two of these remedies together to obtain clinically acceptable signal to noise ratios (SNRs) [2].”
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Signal-noise analysis of miniaturized delta-E effect magnetic field sensors
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Magnetometric SQUID Systems and Magnetic Measurement Methods for Biomedical Research
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A Review of Magnetoelectric Composites Based on ZnO Nanostructures
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Magnetometer Calibration Methods
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“Over the six decades since their introduction [7], [8], SQUIDs ,geophysical,industrial,andscientificapplications [2],[9],[10],[11],[12],[13],[14],[15],[16],someofwhich cannotbeperformedusingothertechniques.”
BackgroundExperimental Investigation on a Highly Sensitive Atomic Magnetometer
Li, S., YUN-FEI, X., Wang, Z., et al. (2009) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/26/6/067805 · Cited by 6
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Metadata
- Authors
- Sternickel, K., & Braginski, A. I.
- Affiliations
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Venue
- Superconductor Science and Technology
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2006-02-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- S160-S171
- ISSN
- 0953-2048 (ISSN-L)
- 1361-6668
- OpenAlex
- W2041287130
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 4.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Superconductor Science and Technology (publishedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0349580)
- Vanderbilt University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Atomic and Subatomic Physics Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Magnetic Field Sensors Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Studies
- Keywords
- biomagnetism, SQUID sensors, magnetoencephalography, magnetocardiography, low-field MRI, electromagnetic noise suppression, medical diagnostics, brain magnetic fields
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