A review of energy harvesting using piezoelectric materials: state-of-the-art a decade later (2008–2018)

“Hwang et al in 2015 [83] also developed a flexible single crystalline PMN-PZT thin film energy harvester and installed it on the heel of a combat boot.”

“In another study by Hu et al in 2017 [278], the performance of a double-mass, acoustic metama-”

“billion in 2017, which shows a dramatic increase in the demand and application of piezoelectric systems [26].”

“The concept of piezoelectric grass, an array of vertical piezoelectric cantilever beams to harvest energy from turbulence induced vibration (figure 9(g)), was introduced by Hobeck and Inman in 2012 [335].”

“Li et al in 2017 [99] demonstrated an Mn-modified BiFeO3-BiTiO3 (BFO-BTO) lead-free ceramic with a high Curie temperature of 506 °C and d33 of 169 pC N .”

“vibration energy harvesting can be used include civil infrastructure such as buildings and bridges [27, 28], aerospace systems [29–33], and the human body [34, 35].”

“lead-free nanogenerators, Koka et al in 2013 [129, 130]”

“With permission of Springer), (f) contact-less piezomagnetic windmill (reprinted from [321], Copyright 2013, with permission from Elsevier), (g) flat profile fan ([315] [2014], reprinted by permission of the publisher, Taylor & Francis Ltd, http:// tandfonline.”

“Kuang et al [397] Knee harvester Joint motion (knee) Piezomagnetic generator (bimorph) PZT5-H — Normal walking 5.”

“Various broadband and nonlinear piezoelectric harvester designs including (a) two impacting beams (reprinted from [195], Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier), (b) harvester on acoustic black hole (reproduced from [196].”

“impact-driven piezoelectric energy harvester proposed by Wei et al in 2013 [396] is another example of a frequency upconversion system suggested for power harvesting from human body motion.”

“All rights reserved), (f) bridge traffic harvester (reprinted from [433], Copyright 2018, with permission from Elsevier), and (g) roadway harvester (reprinted from [434], Copyright 2017, with permission from Elsevier).”

“pling is considerably lower than their ceramic counterparts [474].”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [250]), (i) harvester with integrated electronics (reprinted from [251], Copyright 2008, with permission from Elsevier), (j) AlN harvester with chip proof mass (reprinted from [252], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier), (k) microfluidic harvester (reprinted from [253].”

“In similar works, Yan et al in 2014 [342] and Bibo et al in 2015 [343] presented and verified analytical models for a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam with a tip mass (bluff body) under combined galloping and base excitation.”

“Tang et al in 2014 [259] developed a d33-mode MEMS energy harvester that consisted of a PMN-PT thick film and a silicon substrate.”

“Similar findings have been reported by other researchers on the energy available for harnessing from the human body [375, 376].”

“Based upon traditional cymbal transducers, a novel bridge transducer design was suggested by Jasim et al in 2017 [431] for energy harvesting from moving vehicles in roadways.”

“multistable harvesters with complex dynamics (such as random and chaotic vibration) was also shown by Wang et al in 2017 [224].”

“Various piezoelectric harvester designs for energy harvesting form vehicles including (a) tire resonant harvester (reproduced with permission from [438]), (b) inertial vibrating harvester (reprinted from [439], Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier), (c) piezoelectric bender patch (reprinted by permission from…”

“Similar designs of wind harvesters based on the stalk-leaf architecture were proposed by Li and Lipson in 2009 [327] and optimized in 2011 [328] (figure 9(a)).”

“Various rotary harvesters [158, 159], acoustic resonator harvesters [160, 161], and piezomagnetic nonlinear harvesters [162, 163] are examples of devices with beam generators.”

“Rezaeisaray et al in 2015 [252] designed and fabricated a micro-energy harvester for frequency applications below 100 Hz.”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [168]).”

“Following this work, Wang and Liu in 2011 [356] proposed a similar design of the harvester with a PZT film as the generator component.”

“Briscoe et al [110] later demonstrated that it is possible to build a ZnO nanorod energy harvesting device using a semiconductor p-n junction, rather than a metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier.”

“Zhou et al later in 2014 and 2016 demonstrated the process for PZT [124] and lead-free BZT-BCT (0.”

“Smoker et al in 2012 [466] presented a piezoelectric harvester architecture in order to scavenge power from”

“In 2014, Anton et al [137] investigated vibration energy harvesting using ferroelectret foam material.”

“A thorough review of recent advances in ferroelectret foams and their piezoelectric properties was performed by Mohebbi et al in 2018 [144].”

“Various energy harvesting devices designed for infrastructure including (a) footstep harvester (reprinted from [427], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier), (b) ring-type piezomagnetic harvester (reprinted from [429], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier), (c) road traffic harvester (reprinted from […”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Configuration Generator Material Dimensions Car Speed/ Excitation Output Power Khameneifar and Arzanpour [438] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimorph Mide Technology harvester 14 transducers of 92×43.8×9.9 mm3 50 km h−1 42 mW Singh et al [439] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimor…”

“Pillatsch et al [388] Impulse-excited harvester Limb motion Bimorph PZT 507 — Rotation at 2 Hz 2.”

“A membrane-type acoustic metamaterial was designed and fabricated by Li et al in 2016 [276] including a pre-stretched thermoplastic circular membrane attached to a center mass and a PVDF patch (figure 7(i)).”

“In the work of Cunefare et al in 2013 [372], a hydraulic pressure energy harvester for electricity generation from the pressure ripple in closed hydraulic systems with a piezoelectric stack was presented.”

“More recently in the same research group, Malakooti et al in 2016 [449] developed a multifunctional composite using ZnO nanowires grown on the surface of Kevlar fibers, and created an energy harvester by laying up a composite with carbon fiber plies as electrodes and the ZnO coated Kevlar as a harvesting layer (figure…”

“0), (g) pre-curved transducer (reprinted from [186], Copyright 2012, with permission from Elsevier), and (h) fabric-like transducer (adapted from [187] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry).”

“All rights reserved), (g) wrist harvester (reprinted from [389], Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier), (h) PENDEXE waist harvester (reprinted from [390], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier), and (i) knee harvester (reproduced from [391].”

“Van den Ende et al [444] Tire harvester Tire deflection Patch PZT-5A fibers 40×16.”

“Tehrani and Elliott in 2014 [226] showed that using nonlinear Coulomb damping, a higher level of power can be harvested when the system is excited below the resonant frequency.”

“Recently, Wu et al in 2018 [91] demonstrated a lead-free flexible and high-performance piezoelectric material based on KNN-BNZ-AS-Fe (0.”

“Later in 2013 [346], the same group proposed another airfoil-based harvester design that utilized piezoelectric transduction and electromagnetic induction for power generation.”

“In 2019, Liang et al [309] developed a new method called synchronized triple bias-flip (P-S3BF) to minimize the energy dissipation in passive voltage bias-flip action in the SECE and SSHI circuits.”

“Hwang et al in 2015 [427] presented a piezo-”

“In a similar study, Tong et al in 2018 [100, 101] investigated the effect of Zn doping on the performance of BFO-BTO ceramics, which resulted in a piezoelectric with a d33 of 192 pC N −1 and depolarization temperature of 450 °C.”

“Later in 2018, Xiong et al [241] exploited the NES”

“The reader is referred to the comprehensive reviews of MEMS piezoelectric harvesting presented by Saadon and Sidek in 2011 [21], Priya et al in 2017 [263], and Tian et al in 2018 [264] as well as the book by Kottapalli et al in 2019 [265] for a more complete treatment of the field.”

“Zhang et al in 2018 [433] 42 investigated the energy harvesting performance of piezoelectric bimorphs tuned to the natural frequency of bridges and of coupled vehicle-bridge systems (figure 15(f)).”

“vehicles and aircrafts, present another form of piezoelectric harvester [32, 176] (figure 4(b)).”

“The elliptical acoustic mirror introduced by Carrara et al in 2012 [271] utilized bulky”

“A more comprehensive review on various acoustic and thermoacoustic energy harvesting techniques is provided by Pillai and Deenadayalan [468].”

“mechanical boundary conditions and different beam configurations, including designs with a dynamic amplifier support instead of a fixed end [151] (figure 3(c)), an asymmetric tuned mass [152] (figure 3(d)), clamped-clamped boundary conditions with compressive load [150], multiple inertia masses [153, 154], added auxil…”

“Various alternative piezoelectric energy harvesters including (a) self-powered credit card-sized sensor node (reprinted from [470], Copyright 2011, with permission from Elsevier), (b) self-powered flexible light-emitting device (reproduced from [471] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry), and (c) friction…”

“Ray and Anton in 2015 [140] extended the work of Pondrom et al [138] by increasing the stack layer count to 20 for improved performance.”

“Performance evaluation of lead-free piezoelectric materials compared to lead-based materials has illustrated that some of these materials offer electromechanical, thermal, and mechanical properties superior to PZTs [88].”

“Lead zinc niobate-lead zirconate titanate PZN-PZT is another single crystal piezoelectric, first introduced in 2004 [77], that has been shown to be a high performance piezoelectric material for energy harvesting applications [78, 79].”

“Much of the recent research on the topic of lead-free piezoelectric material is summarized in the review articles by Panda [55], Rodel [89], and Maurya [90], as well as a book by Priya and Nahm [56].”

“In a study presented by Deterre et al in 2014 [413], a very”

“Later in 2017, this group applied a PZT thick film on a berylliumbronzed substrate using the bonding and thinning technology to fabricate a piezoelectric MEMS harvester [260].”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Configuration Generator Material Dimensions Car Speed/ Excitation Output Power Khameneifar and Arzanpour [438] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimorph Mide Technology harvester 14 transducers of 92×43.8×9.9 mm3 50 km h−1 42 mW Singh et al [439] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimor…”

“In another study performed by Zhou et al in 2015 [201], a double magnet system consisting of two piezoelectric beam energy harvesters with interacting tip magnets was suggested (figure 5(g)).”

“Lead zinc niobate-lead zirconate titanate PZN-PZT is another single crystal piezoelectric, first introduced in 2004 [77], that has been shown to be a high performance piezoelectric material for energy harvesting applications [78, 79].”

“Li and Strezov [426] Piezoelectric tile Buildings Pedestrian traffic Commercial”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [179]), (d) cymbal-type (reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: [Springer] [Journal of electroceramics][180] © 2012), (e) three-axis harvester (© 2015 IEEE.”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [183]), (f) plate with MFC patch (reproduced from[185].”

“mechanical boundary conditions and different beam configurations, including designs with a dynamic amplifier support instead of a fixed end [151] (figure 3(c)), an asymmetric tuned mass [152] (figure 3(d)), clamped-clamped boundary conditions with compressive load [150], multiple inertia masses [153, 154], added auxil…”

“In an effort by Pan et al in 2015 [67], preparation of”

“3)TiO3) is one of the most widely studied materials due to its surprisingly high piezoelectric properties [92].”

“Another two-to-one internal resonance mechanism was introduced by Xiong et al in 2017 [234] using a tuned auxiliary resonator added to a primary oscillating structure equipped with a permanent magnet to provide nonlinear forces.”

“energy harvesting from rain drops has been published by Wong et al in 2015 [371], and different harvester designs”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Configuration Generator Material Dimensions Car Speed/ Excitation Output Power Khameneifar and Arzanpour [438] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimorph Mide Technology harvester 14 transducers of 92×43.8×9.9 mm3 50 km h−1 42 mW Singh et al [439] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimor…”

“Huguet et al in 2018 [221] showed that by exploiting subharmonics found in bistable systems, the”

“Bryant and Garcia in 2011 [329, 330] expanded upon the work presented by Tan and Panda [326] by developing an aeroelastic flutter energy harvester containing a rigid flap connected to a piezoelectric cantilever harvester through a ball bearing revolute joint (figure 9(b)).”

“In an attempt to generate power from bending motion of the human body, Yang and Yun in 2011 [393] presented a flexible wearable piezoelectric device consisting of a PVDF layer attached on a curved polymer film.”

“Analytical modeling and experimentation under chirp and band-limited white noise excitation showed that an output power density of 0.33 mW cm−3 could be harvested, which was significantly higher than the power density of the bistable systems introduced by Mann and Owens [227], Stanton et al [198], Erturk et al [228],…”

“In another work, RezaeiHosseinabadi et al in 2015 [322] improved the power efficiency of contact-less wind turbines with a new arrangement of magnets and piezoelectric beams, as shown in figure 8(h).”

“from oscillation of a proof mass attached to a vertical cantilever beam placed on the roof of a high-rise building [429].”

“Jung et al in 2017 [434] proposed a PVDF energy harvester for roadway applications which presents an energy conversion performance comparable to piezoelectric ceramic-based harvesters.”

“5 mm(3) piezoelectric patch of this material generated 16 μW of power under 10m s of acceleration at 90 Hz [94].”

“The idea is based on the uniqueness of gait pattern of each individual, which can be reflected in the output voltage signal of the energy harvester [384].”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Configuration Generator Material Dimensions Car Speed/ Excitation Output Power Khameneifar and Arzanpour [438] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimorph Mide Technology harvester 14 transducers of 92×43.8×9.9 mm3 50 km h−1 42 mW Singh et al [439] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimor…”

“Using a ring-shaped energy harvester with piezoelectric and magnetic slabs, a contactless high power generator was developed by Xie et al in 2014 [184].”

“One of the main issues associated with bistable piezomagnetic systems is the relatively high potential well which limits the application of such harvesters to high oscillation amplitude applications to provide sufficient energy to cross the potential well [225].”

“More recently, Sun and Tse in 2018 [238] investigated the linear and nonlinear behavior of a horizontal asymmetric U-shaped piezoelectric energy harvester through finite”

“In recent years, researchers have begun investigating the piezoelectric-like response of cellular polymer foam material for use in harvesting vibration energy [135].”

“A summary of these works has been presented by Chao in 2011 [301].”

“In similar works, Yan et al in 2014 [342] and Bibo et al in 2015 [343] presented and verified analytical models for a piezoelectric bimorph cantilever beam with a tip mass (bluff body) under combined galloping and base excitation.”

“Reproduced from [125] with permission of The Royal Society of Chemistry.”

“Similar works on piezoelectric energy harvesting enhancement using internal resonance phenomenon have been presented by Harne et al in 2016 [235], Wu et al in 2018 [236], and Yang and Towfighian in 2019 [237].”

“Using multiple pairs of magnets, the resonator can be forced to oscillate around the dynamically stable positions in the system with one potential well (monostable [207–210]) or between multiple stable positions in the system with two, three, or four potential wells (bistable [211–213], tristable [214, 215], and quads…”

“QuickPack transducers have a relatively high power density compared to raw piezoelectric and MFC transducers, while MFC composites exhibit a very large actuation and control authority [188].”

“Various multifunctional piezoelectric energy harvesting systems including (a) multifunctional energy harvester on UAV wing spar (reproduced with permission from [29].”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [179]), (d) cymbal-type (reprinted by permission from Springer Nature: [Springer] [Journal of electroceramics][180] © 2012), (e) three-axis harvester (© 2015 IEEE.”

“Lee et al in 2013 [115] utilized silver doping to increase the nanowire piezopotential through a reduction in free charge carriers that are typically formed in n-type ZnO and its corresponding hydrothermal synthesis methods.”

“Adding a control surface to the airfoil and introducing a 3D model in 2014 [334], they showed that the power output of the system was improved.”

“Various piezoelectric energy harvesting systems from animals including (a) piezoelectric beam on a hawkmoth (reproduced with permission from [420]), (b) backpack-type harvester on a beetle (reproduced from [421].”

“Initial studies on PZT paint sensors based on 0–3 piezoelectric composites were performed in the mid 1980’s by Klein et al [105] and Hanner et al [106] using a waterbased suspension of piezoceramic and polymer.”

“Deposition of PZT layers on both sides of a stainless steel substrate using a customized aerosol deposition machine to fabricate an energy harvesting device was suggested by Kuo et al in 2016 [261].”

“Jackson et al in 2017 [262] presented a CMOS compatible silicon-based MEMS cantilever harvester design using aluminum nitride as the piezoelectric layer to be embedded inside a pacemaker capsule with a diameter”

“Despite tremendous development in high temperature piezoelectric materials capable of working at temperatures up to 1000 °C in different bulk and thin film formations, the electromechanical coupling properties of the majority of these materials are relatively lower than conventional PZT ceramics [96, 97].”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [165]), (g) snap-through mechanism (reprinted from [166], with the permission of AIP Publishing), (h) compliant driving beam (reprinted from [167], Copyright 2014, with permission from Elsevier) and (i) impact driven mechanism (© 2012 IEEE.”

“Reprinted, with permission, from [250]), (i) harvester with integrated electronics (reprinted from [251], Copyright 2008, with permission from Elsevier), (j) AlN harvester with chip proof mass (reprinted from [252], Copyright 2015, with permission from Elsevier), (k) microfluidic harvester (reprinted from [253].”

“Similar works on piezoelectric energy harvesting enhancement using internal resonance phenomenon have been presented by Harne et al in 2016 [235], Wu et al in 2018 [236], and Yang and Towfighian in 2019 [237].”

“a comprehensive analytical, numerical, and experimental study on the power generation using a short piezoelectric cantilever beam subjected to liquid and gas flow [353].”

“reinforced polymer matrix composites with high bulk piezoelectric coupling coefficients could be obtained from the approach [451].”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Type Generator Material Input Excitation Verification Method Output Power Almouahed et al [402] Piezoelectric tibial tray Knee motion Stack NCE51 (PZT-5A) Normal gait In vitro test 4.27 mW Holmberg et al [403] Battery-less knee implant Knee motion Stack TS18-H5-104 Normal gait In…”

“Author Device Energy Source Transducer Type Generator Material Input Excitation Verification Method Output Power Almouahed et al [402] Piezoelectric tibial tray Knee motion Stack NCE51 (PZT-5A) Normal gait In vitro test 4.27 mW Holmberg et al [403] Battery-less knee implant Knee motion Stack TS18-H5-104 Normal gait In…”

“concept was extended by Wang and Inman in 2013 [447]”

“In another study by Zhang and Wang in 2016 [337], a harvester consisting of a rigid cylinder attached to two piezoelectric bimorphs was placed against fluid flow to harvest energy from vortex induced vibrations and wake induced vibrations of an additional large cylinder.”

“Author Device Transducer Type Generator Material Dimensions Wind Speed (m s−1) Cut-in Speed (m s−1) Output Power Priya et al [317] Fan-type windmill Piezoelectric bimorph PZT-5H 114 mm diameter×60 mm width, 60×20×0.6 mm3 each beam 4.47 — 7.5 mW Myers et al [318] Vane-type vertical windmill Piezoelectric bimorph PZT-5H…”

“Tian et al in 2018 [254] presented a low-frequency MEMS piezoelectric energy harvester consisting of a PZT thin film on a flexible phosphor bronze substrate with a proof mass.”

“In another study, the application of piezoelectric laminated plates in energy harvesting from yawed flow was suggested by Tang and Dowell in 2018 [348], and a computational model of the piezoelectricaeroelastic coupled system was developed.”

“This group, later in 2016 [406], utilized several device configurations including fanfolded, elephant, and zigzag configuration for heartbeat energy harvesting, and showed that the fan-folded configuration allowed the device to generate the most power (figure 13(c)).”

“mechanical boundary conditions and different beam configurations, including designs with a dynamic amplifier support instead of a fixed end [151] (figure 3(c)), an asymmetric tuned mass [152] (figure 3(d)), clamped-clamped boundary conditions with compressive load [150], multiple inertia masses [153, 154], added auxil…”

“In a similar work, Liu et al in 2018 [233] also assessed the energy harvesting performance of an L-shaped structure.”

“Using multiple pairs of magnets, the resonator can be forced to oscillate around the dynamically stable positions in the system with one potential well (monostable [207–210]) or between multiple stable positions in the system with two, three, or four potential wells (bistable [211–213], tristable [214, 215], and quads…”

“Other adaptations to the synchronized switching concept include double synchronized switch harvesting (DSSH) presented by Lallart et al in 2008 [296], enhanced synchronized switch harvesting (ESSH) presented by Shen et al in 2010 [297], synchronized switch harvesting on inductor using magnetic rectifier (SSHI-MR) pres…”

“Cymbal-type and bridgetype piezoelectric harvesters have allowed researchers to explore non-resonant and high force amplitude power generation applications [180, 181] (figure 4(d)).”

“Delnavaz and Voix in 2014 [398] showed that a hybrid generator consisting of a very simple piezoelectric ring and an electromagnetic generator located inside the ear canal could generate 0.”

“a multipiezoelectric generator to enhance the energy conversion efficiency of the harvester [370].”

“Similarly, the application of a piezoelectric system as a self-powered human activity recognition system was introduced and tested by Khalifa et al in 2015 [394] to obviate the power limitation of current accelerometers.”

“The reader is referred to the review articles by Guyomar and Lallart in 2011 [310] and Szarka et al in 2012 [311] as well as the book chapters by Badel and Lefeuvre in 2016 [305], and Chen in 2019 [312] for a more comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting conditioning circuits.”

“Various piezoelectric transducer configurations including (a) zigzag-shaped beam ([175] (2014) (original copyright notice).”

“Integration of piezoelectric materials into MEMS devices has usually been conducted using complicated and expensive material processing techniques such as thin film deposition with laser deposition, sol-gel spin coating, screen printing, direct ink writing, and epitaxial growth [257].”

“Lead zinc niobate-lead zirconate titanate PZN-PZT is another single crystal piezoelectric, first introduced in 2004 [77], that has been shown to be a high performance piezoelectric material for energy harvesting applications [78, 79].”

“In a more recent study conducted in 2015, Pineirua et al [355] investigated the effect of piezoelectric electrode arrangement along a fluttering flag through a series of analytical and experimental studies (figure 10(d)).”

“2 μWmm In a comparison study, Shahab et al in 2018 [81] investigated the performance of various soft and hard piezoelectric ceramics as well as single crystal piezoelectrics.”

“Similar works on piezoelectric energy harvesting enhancement using internal resonance phenomenon have been presented by Harne et al in 2016 [235], Wu et al in 2018 [236], and Yang and Towfighian in 2019 [237].”

“Vasic et al in 2014 [473] investigated the application of a”

“Author Device Transducer Type Generator Material Dimensions Wind Speed (m s−1) Cut-in Speed (m s−1) Output Power Priya et al [317] Fan-type windmill Piezoelectric bimorph PZT-5H 114 mm diameter×60 mm width, 60×20×0.6 mm3 each beam 4.47 — 7.5 mW Myers et al [318] Vane-type vertical windmill Piezoelectric bimorph PZT-5H…”

“Khameneifar and Arzanpour [438] Tire harvester Tire deflection Bimorph Mide Technology”

“Makki and Pop-Iliev in 2012 [440] presented energy harvesting from vehicle tires in order to power tire pressure monitoring sensors using two harvester designs.”

“Koka and Sodano later in 2014 [131] demonstrated the growth of ultralong BaTiO3 nanowires which reduced their stiffness such that a low resonant frequency of 155 Hz could be achieved.”

“2017 [128] to produce lead titanate (PbTiO3) nanogenerators which could function in extreme environments.”

“In a similar study, Tong et al in 2018 [100, 101] investigated the effect of Zn doping on the performance of BFO-BTO ceramics, which resulted in a piezoelectric with a d33 of 192 pC N −1 and depolarization temperature of 450 °C.”

“More recently, Ravi and Zilian in 2019 [338] developed a three-dimensional multiphysics finite element model for flow driven piezoelectric energy harvesting that involves the threeway interaction of fluid flow, piezoelectric material, and the”

“However, microelectronic devices require such lately developing energy harvesting technologies [5,6].”