First international comparison of fountain primary frequency standards via a long distance optical fiber link
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We report on the first comparison of distant caesium fountain primary frequency standards (PFSs) via an optical fiber link. The 1415 km long optical link connects two PFSs at LNE-SYRTE (Laboratoire National de métrologie et d'Essais—SYstème de Références Temps-Espace) in Paris (France) with two at PTB (Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt) in Braunschweig (Germany). For a long time, these PFSs have been major contributors to accuracy of the International Atomic Time (TAI), with stated accuracies of around . They have also been the references for a number of absolute measurements of clock transition frequencies in various optical frequency standards in view of a future redefinition of the second. The phase coherent optical frequency transfer via a stabilized telecom fiber link enables far better resolution than any other means of frequency transfer based on satellite links. The agreement for each pair of distant fountains compared is well within the combined uncertainty of a few 10 −16 for all the comparisons, which fully supports the stated PFSs' uncertainties. The comparison also includes a rubidium fountain frequency standard participating in the steering of TAI and enables a new absolute determination of the 87 Rb ground state hyperfine transition frequency with an uncertainty of . This paper is dedicated to the memory of André Clairon, who passed away on 24 December 2015, for his pioneering and long-lasting efforts in atomic fountains. He also pioneered optical links from as early as 1997.
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Phase-coherent optical links using optical fibre have attained stability and accuracy in the range 10^-19 and below.
“Therefore, phase-coherent optical links have been developped using principally an optical fibre as a medium for the propagation [108, 109, 75, 74], attaining spectacular stability and accuracy in the range 10 -19 and below.”
From Chronometric Geodesy: Methods and Applications (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
The best primary frequency standards (Caesium fountains) have a relative accuracy in the range 10^-15 to 10^-16.
“The best PFS have a very low relative accuracy in the range 10 -15 - 10 -16 (see e.g. [74]).”
From Chronometric Geodesy: Methods and Applications (2019) · cites this paper as [74]
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- Authors
- Guéna, J., Weyers, S., Abgrall, M., Grebing, C., Gerginov, V, Rosenbusch, P., Bize, S., Lipphardt, B., Denker, H., Quintin, N., Raupach, S. M. F., Nicolodi, D., Stefani, F., Chiodo, N., Koke, S., Kuhl, A., Wiotte, F., Meynadier, F., Camisard, E., Chardonnet, C., Le Coq, Y., Lours, M., Santarelli, G., Amy-Klein, A., Le Targat, R., Lopez, O., Pottie, P. E., & Grosche, G.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (DE)
- Leibniz University Hannover (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Guéna, J
- ORCID
- Venue
- Metrologia
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2017-05-08
- Volume
- 54
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 348-354
- ISSN
- 0026-1394 (ISSN-L)
- 1681-7575
- OpenAlex
- W2612625041
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 6.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Metrologia (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutial research information system (University of Pisa) (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Repository of Leibniz Universität Hannover (Leibniz Universität Hannover) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Leibniz Universität Hannover (cc-by)
- Funders
- European Association of National Metrology Institutes (15SIB05)
- Equipex
- European Commission
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC 1128)
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR 10 LABX 48 01, 009-01, 10-LABX-48-01, BS04-009-01, ANR-10-LABX-48, ANR-11-BS04-0009, ANR-11-EQPX-0039, ANR-10, ANR-10-LABX, 2011-BS04-009-01)
- Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
- Leibniz-Gemeinschaft
- European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (15SIB05)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Electrical Measurement Techniques
- Keywords
- optical frequency transfer, International Atomic Time, redefinition of the second, frequency standard comparison
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