Optical frequency transfer over submarine fiber links
Open accessAbstract
Bidirectional phase-stabilized optical fiber links allow state-of-the-art optical clocks to be compared on a continental scale.However, intercontinental comparisons are still based on satellite techniques, preventing optical clocks from being compared without degradation.We performed the first optical frequency transfer experiment over submarine links, measuring levels of environmentally induced noise substantially lower than for on-land links.From these measurements, we predict the transfer stability that can be achieved over transoceanic links.We also performed the first optical frequency transfer over fibers installed in power cables, observing optical perturbations caused by the high-voltage field.Finally, we show that the low background noise of fibers on the seafloor allows applications in geophysical sensing.
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Optical fibre links have not reached a transoceanic scale.
“However, they have not reached a transoceanic scale 19 and therefore intercontinental comparisons are only possible by microwave satellite transfer techniques 20 .”
From Intercontinental comparison of optical atomic clocks through very long baseline interferometry (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
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Self-citationCharacterizing background photons and dark counts in real field TF-QKD setup
Virzì, S., Meda, A., Clivati, C., Donadello, S., Liorni, C., Bertaina, G., Gramegna, M., Degiovanni, I. P., Dispenza, M., Genovese, M., et al. (2023) · Quantum Optics and Photon Counting · doi:10.1117/12.2669073
Self-citationAn underground fiber cable discrimination method based on laser interferometerPreprint
Wang, B., Song, D., Wang, G., & Pang, Z. (2023) · doi:10.1364/opticaopen.24037014
An underground fiber cable discrimination method based on laser interferometerPreprint
Wang, B., Song, D., Wang, G., & Pang, Z. (2023) · doi:10.1364/opticaopen.24037014.v1
Time Transfer Scheme in Power Line based on Narrow Electric Pulse
Li, Z., Zhang, P., Guo, G., Liu, K., & Hou, D. (2023) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/eftf/ifcs57587.2023.10272073
Digital Automatic Relocking Method and Implementation of Ultra-stable Laser
Zhao, W., Dong, M., Wu, H., Fu, Y., Ge, J., Zhang, S., & Yang, H. (2023) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/eftf/ifcs57587.2023.10272124
Coherent Optical Frequency Transfer over 100 km Fiber Link Using Bidirectional Active Optics
Wu, H., Zhang, X., Zhao, W., Fu, Y., Chen, X., Jia, S., Yang, W., Ge, J., Zhang, S., & Yang, H. (2023) · Joint Conference of the European Frequency and Time Forum and IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium (EFTF/IFCS) · doi:10.1109/eftf/ifcs57587.2023.10272206
Clivati, C. (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.5713920
Self-citationMultiple access stable frequency dissemination via fiber-optic ring network
Liu, C., Wang, H., Hanqing, 李. L., Liu, T., Cheng, J., Gao, H., & Yu, S. (2026) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/5.0307334
Fundamental Physics Studies with Molecules and Emerging Applications
Maddaloni, P., Consolino, L., & Natale, P. D. (2025) · Springer series on atomic, optical, and plasma physics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-99439-5_6
Optical fiber link for UTC(IT) traceability with sub-nanosecond stability at 1000 km
Sesia, I., Thai, T. T., Perucca, A., Signorile, G., Mura, A., Concas, R., Levi, F., Calonico, D., Rovera, G. D., Cretoni, D., et al. (2026) · Journal of Optical Communications and Networking · doi:10.1364/jocn.600337
Self-citationClivati, C. (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.5140799
Self-citation
- Authors
- Clivati, C., Tampellini, A., Mura, A., Levi, F., Marra, G., Galea, P., Xuereb, A., & Calonico, D.
- Affiliations
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (IT)
- Politecnico di Torino (IT)
- National Physical Laboratory (GB)
- University of Malta (MT)
- Corresponding author
- Calonico, Davide
- ORCID
- Venue
- Optica
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2018-07-25
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 893
- ISSN
- 2334-2536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2883588171
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 2.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optica (publishedVersion)
- CINECA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (IRIS Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- PORTO@Iris (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1261681)
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, H2020)
- Ministero dell’Istruzione, dell’Università e della Ricerca (H2020)
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- Università ta' Malta
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme
- European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (15SIB05 “OFTEN”, 15SIB05)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Photonic Communication Systems
- Keywords
- optical frequency transfer, optical clocks, environmental noise, geophysical sensing
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