Realization of a timescale with an accurate optical lattice clock
Open accessAbstract
Optical clocks are not only powerful tools for prime fundamental research, but are also deemed for the re-definition of the SI base unit second as they now surpass the performance of caesium atomic clocks in both accuracy and stability by more than an order of magnitude. However, an important obstacle in this transition has so far been the limited reliability of the optical clocks that made a continuous realization of a timescale impractical. In this paper, we demonstrate how this situation can be resolved and that a timescale based on an optical clock can be established that is superior to one based on even the best caesium fountain clocks. The paper also gives further proof of the international consistency of strontium lattice clocks on the $10^{-16}$ accuracy level, which is another prerequisite for a change in the definition of the second.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The international all-optical clock measurement surpasses the accuracy of the best possible comparison achievable by measurements against primary caesium clocks by one order of magnitude.
“This international all-optical clock measurement surpasses the accuracy of the best possible comparison achievable by measurements against primary caesium clocks by one order of magnitude5212223.”
From A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Optical Clock Operation (p. 2) says the strontium clock’s systematic uncertainty is at least an order of magnitude below that of PTB’s primary caesium fountains. But this paper’s measurement compares a local strontium clock with caesium fountains; Data Analysis (p. 4) discusses agreement with measurements at other institutes, not the accuracy of the cited international all-optical measurement. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe accuracy of comparing remote optical clocks using microwave signals is limited by caesium microwave clocks, with the most stringent bound set by our groups at an agreement within 4 × 10−16.
“The accuracy of the former method is limited by the caesium microwave clocks with the most stringent bound set by our groups5212223 at an agreement within 4 × 10−16”
From A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
The Data Analysis section (p. 3) says the uncertainty of this paper’s strontium frequency measurement is governed by its caesium fountain clock. It also reports agreement among strontium frequency measurements at different institutes (p. 4). But it does not establish that remote optical-clock comparisons using microwave signals have a most stringent agreement bound of 4 × 10−16. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAfter accounting for a linear drift, the dominant contribution to the extrapolation uncertainty is due to the stochastic maser behaviour.
“After accounting for a linear drift, the dominant contribution to the extrapolation uncertainty is due to the stochastic maser behaviour 42,43,86 .”
From Intercontinental comparison of optical atomic clocks through very long baseline interferometry (2021) · cites this paper as [43]
The systematic and statistical uncertainties of the two Sr lattice clocks are highly independent and uncorrelated because their implementations of state preparation and interrogation are quite different.
“The details of the actual implementation of state preparation and interrogation being quite different in the two experimental realizations of a Sr lattice clock5212223, systematic and statistical uncertainties are highly independent and uncorrelated.”
From A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science (2016) · cites this paper as [22]
Section II (p. 2) describes one Sr lattice clock operated in two campaigns, and the Supplementary Material (p. 7) describes its preparation and interrogation. The paper does not compare the implementations of two Sr clocks or say that their systematic and statistical uncertainties are uncorrelated; the independence mentioned in Data Analysis (p. 3) concerns two Cs fountain clocks. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Ludlow, A. D., Boyd, M. M., Ye, J., Peik, E., & Schmidt, P. O. (2015) · Reviews of Modern Physics · doi:10.1103/revmodphys.87.637 · Cited by 2,385 · see citing works
An optical lattice clock with accuracy and stability at the 10−18 level
Bloom, B. J., Nicholson, T. L., Williams, J. R., Campbell, S. L., Bishof, M., Zhang, X., Zhang, W., Bromley, S. L., & Ye, J. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12941 · Cited by 1,073 · see citing works
Chou, C., Hume, D., Koelemeij, J., Wineland, D., & Rosenband, T. (2010) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.070802 · Cited by 903 · see citing works
An Atomic Clock with 10 <sup>–18</sup> Instability
Hinkley, N., Sherman, J. A., Phillips, N. B., Schioppo, M., Lemke, N. D., Beloy, K., Pizzocaro, M., Oates, C. W., & Ludlow, A. D. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1240420 · Cited by 817 · see citing works
Systematic evaluation of an atomic clock at 2 × 10−18 total uncertainty
Nicholson, T. L., Campbell, S. L., Hutson, R. B., Marti, G. E., Bloom, B. J., McNally, R. L., Zhang, W., Barrett, M. D., Safronova, M. S., Strouse, G. F., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7896 · Cited by 780 · see citing works
A sub-40-mHz-linewidth laser based on a silicon single-crystal optical cavity
Keßler, T., Hagemann, C., Grebing, C., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Riehle, F., Martin, M. J., Chen, L., & Ye, J. (2012) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2012.217 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Self-citationHuntemann, N., Sanner, C., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, C., & Peik, E. (2016) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.116.063001 · Cited by 677 · see citing works
Self-citationCryogenic optical lattice clocks
Ushijima, I., Takamoto, M., Das, M., Ohkubo, T., & Katori, H. (2015) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2015.5 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Godun, R. M., Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R., Jones, J. M., King, S. A., Johnson, L. A. M., Margolis, H. S., Szymaniec, K., Lea, S. N., Bongs, K., & Gill, P. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.210801 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Huntemann, N., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, C., Gerginov, V., Weyers, S., & Peik, E. (2014) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.113.210802 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Self-citation8 × 10^−17 fractional laser frequency instability with a long room-temperature cavity
Häfner, S., Falke, S., Grebing, C., Vogt, S., Legero, T., Merimaa, M., Lisdat, C., & Sterr, U. (2015) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.40.002112 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Self-citationExperimental realization of an optical second with strontium lattice clocks
Le Targat, R., Lorini, L., Le Coq, Y., Zawada, M., Guéna, J., Abgrall, M., Gurov, M., Rosenbusch, P., Rovera, D. G., Nagórny, B., et al. (2013) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms3109 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Dissemination of time and RF frequency via a stabilized fibre optic link over a distance of 420 km
Śliwczyński, Ł., Krehlik, P., Czubla, A., Buczek, Ł., & Lipiński, M. (2013) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/50/2/133 · Cited by 203 · see citing works
Sr87 Lattice Clock with Inaccuracy below 10−15
Boyd, M. M., Ludlow, A. D., Blatt, S., Foreman, S. M., Ido, T., Zelevinsky, T., & Ye, J. (2007) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.98.083002 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
A strontium lattice clock with 3 × 10<sup>−17</sup>inaccuracy and its frequency
Falke, S., Lemke, N., Grebing, C., Lipphardt, B., Weyers, S., Gerginov, V., Huntemann, N., Hagemann, C., Al-Masoudi, A., Häfner, S., et al. (2014) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/16/7/073023 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Self-citationSpace clocks and fundamental tests: The ACES experiment
Cacciapuoti, L., & Salomon, C. (2009) · The European Physical Journal Special Topics · doi:10.1140/epjst/e2009-01041-7 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Towards a redefinition of the second based on optical atomic clocks
Riehle, F. (2015) · Comptes Rendus. Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2015.03.012 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertainty evaluation of the atomic caesium fountain CSF1 of the PTB
Weyers, S., bner, U. H., der, R. S., Tamm, C., & Bauch, A. (2001) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/38/4/7 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Self-citationThe absolute frequency of the87Sr optical clock transition
Campbell, G. K., Ludlow, A. D., Blatt, S., Thomsen, J. W., Martin, M. J., de Miranda, M. H. G., Zelevinsky, T., Boyd, M. M., Ye, J., Diddams, S. A., et al. (2008) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/45/5/008 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
Frequency stabilization to 6 × 10−16 via spectral-hole burning
Thorpe, M. J., Rippe, L., Fortier, T. M., Kirchner, M. S., & Rosenband, T. (2011) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.215 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Uncertainty evaluation of the caesium fountain clock PTB-CSF2
Gerginov, V. P., Nemitz, N., Weyers, S., Schröder, R., Griebsch, D., & Wynands, R. (2009) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/1/008 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationThe<sup>87</sup>Sr optical frequency standard at PTB
Falke, S., Schnatz, H., Winfred, J. S. R. V., Middelmann, T., Vogt, S., Weyers, S., Lipphardt, B., Grosche, G., Riehle, F., Sterr, U., et al. (2011) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/48/5/022 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationDubé, P., Madej, A. A., Zhou, Z., & Bernard, J. E. (2013) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.87.023806 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Optical lattice clock with atoms confined in a shallow trap
Lemonde, P., & Wolf, P. (2005) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.72.033409 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Measuring the frequency of a Sr optical lattice clock using a 120 km coherent optical transfer
Hong, F.-L., Musha, M., Takamoto, M., Inaba, H., Yanagimachi, S., Takamizawa, A., Watabe, K.-I., Ikegami, T., Imae, M., Fujii, Y., et al. (2009) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.34.000692 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
An optical lattice clock with spin-polarized 87Sr atoms
Baillard, X., Fouché, M., Targat, R. L., Westergaard, P. G., Lecallier, A., Chapelet, F., Abgrall, M., Rovera, D., Laurent, P., Rosenbusch, P., et al. (2007) · The European Physical Journal D · doi:10.1140/epjd/e2007-00330-3 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationGeneration of UTC(PTB) as a fountain-clock based time scale
Bauch, A., Weyers, S., Piester, D., Staliuniene, E., & Yang, W. (2012) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/49/3/180 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Self-citationUltra-low-phase-noise cryocooled microwave dielectric-sapphire-resonator oscillators
Hartnett, J. G., Nand, N. R., & Lu, C. (2012) · Applied Physics Letters · doi:10.1063/1.4709479 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Distributed cavity phase frequency shifts of the caesium fountain PTB-CSF2
Weyers, S., Gerginov, V. P., Nemitz, N., Li, R., & Gibble, K. (2011) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/49/1/012 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationMatsubara, K., Hachisu, H., Li, Y., Nagano, S., Locke, C., Nogami, A., Kajita, M., Hayasaka, K., Ido, T., & Hosokawa, M. (2012) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.20.022034 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Noise and instability of an optical lattice clock
Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Häfner, S., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C. (2015) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.92.063814 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrastable laser with average fractional frequency drift rate below 5 × 10^−19/s
Hagemann, C., Grebing, C., Lisdat, C., Falke, S., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Riehle, F., Martin, M. J., & Ye, J. (2014) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.39.005102 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationScattering of Cold-Atom Coherences by Hot Atoms: Frequency Shifts from Background-Gas Collisions
Gibble, K. (2013) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.180802 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Benkler, E., Lisdat, C., & Sterr, U. (2015) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/52/4/565 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationFirst Evaluation and Frequency Measurement of the Strontium Optical Lattice Clock at NIM
Lin, Y., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Meng, F., Lin, B.-K., Zang, E., Sun, Z. G., Fang, F., Li, T., & Fang, Z. (2015) · Chinese Physics Letters · doi:10.1088/0256-307x/32/9/090601 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Invited Review Article: The statistical modeling of atomic clocks and the design of time scales
Levine, J. (2012) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.3681448 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Yamaguchi, A., Shiga, N., Nagano, S., Li, Y., Ishijima, H., Hachisu, H., Kumagai, M., & Ido, T. (2012) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.1143/apex.5.022701 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Direct comparison of optical lattice clocks with an intercontinental baseline of 9000 km
Hachisu, H., Fujieda, M., Nagano, S., Gotoh, T., Nogami, A., Ido, T., Falke, S., Huntemann, N., Grebing, C., Lipphardt, B., et al. (2014) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.39.004072 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Self-citationUltrahigh long-term dimensional stability of a sapphire cryogenic optical resonator
Storz, R., Braxmaier, C., Jäck, K., Pradl, O., & Schiller, S. (1998) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.23.001031 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
UTCr: a rapid realization of UTC
Petit, G., Arias, E. F., Harmegnies, A., Panfilo, G., & Tisserand, L. (2013) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/1/33 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Akamatsu, D., Inaba, H., Hosaka, K., Yasuda, M., Onae, A., Suzuyama, T., Amemiya, M., & Hong, F.-L. (2013) · Applied Physics Express · doi:10.7567/apex.7.012401 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Intermittent optical frequency measurements to reduce the dead time uncertainty of frequency link
Hachisu, H., & Ido, T. (2015) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.7567/jjap.54.112401 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Uncertainty of a frequency comparison with distributed dead time and measurement interval offset
Yu, D.-H., Weiss, M., & Parker, T. E. (2007) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/44/1/014 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Panfilo, G., & Parker, T. E. (2010) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/47/5/005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Margolis, H. (2014) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/nphys2834 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Parker, T. E. (2012) · Review of Scientific Instruments · doi:10.1063/1.3682002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Tanabe, T., Akamatsu, D., Kobayashi, T., Takamizawa, A., Yanagimachi, S., Ikegami, T., Suzuyama, T., Inaba, H., Okubo, S., Yasuda, M., et al. (2015) · Journal of the Physical Society of Japan · doi:10.7566/jpsj.84.115002 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hydrogen maser ensemble performance and characterization of frequency standards
Parker, T. E. (2003) · doi:10.1109/freq.1999.840736 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Automatic laser control for a88Sr+optical frequency standard
Barwood, G. P., Gill, P. R., Huang, G., & Klein, H. A. (2012) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/0957-0233/23/5/055201 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Subhertz-linewidth infrared frequency source with a long-term instability below 5 × 10−15
Raupach, S. M. F., Legero, T., Grebing, C., Hagemann, C., Keßler, T., Koczwara, A., Lipphardt, B., Misera, M., Schnatz, H., Grosche, G., et al. (2012) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-012-5280-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 9
- [21]S. Weyers, A. Bauch, R. Schr¨ oder, and C. Tamm, in Frequency Standards and Metrology, Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium , edited by P. Gill (World Scientific, Singapore, 2002) pp. 64-71.
- [39]C. Lisdat, G. Grosche, N. Quintin, C. Shi, S. M. F. Raupach, C. Grebing, D. Nicolodi, F. Stefani, A. AlMasoudi, S. D¨ orscher, S. H¨ afner, J. L. Robyr, N. Chiodo, S. Bilicki, E. Bookjans, A. Koczwara, S. Koke, A. Kuhl, F. Wiotte, F. Meynadier, E. Camisard, M. Abgrall, M. Lours, T. Legero, H. Schnatz, U. Sterr, H. Denker, C. Chardonnet, Y. Le Coq, G. Santarelli, A. AmyKlein, R. Le Targat, J. Lodewyck, O. Lopez, and P.E. Pottie, 'A clock network for geodesy and fundamental science,' arXiv:1511.07735 [physics.atom-ph] (2015), arXiv:1511.07735. · arXiv
- [40]J. Leute, N. Huntemann, B. Lipphardt, C. Tamm, P. B. R. Nisbet-Jones, S. A. King, R. M. Godun, J. M. Jones, H. S. Margolis, P. B. Whibberley, A. Wallin, M. Merimaa, P. Gill, and E. Peik, 'Frequency comparison of 171 Yb + ion optical clocks at PTB and NPL via GPS PPP,' arXiv:1507.04754v1 [physics.atom-ph] (2015). · arXiv
- [43]R. J. Douglas and J.-S. Boulanger, in Proc. 11th European Frequency and Time Forum (EFTF), 4-7 March 1997, Neuchˆ atel, Switzerland (1997) pp. 345-349. http://www.eftf.org/previousmeetings.php
- [54]C. Hagemann, C. Grebing, T. Kessler, S. Falke, N. Lemke, C. Lisdat, H. Schnatz, F. Riehle, and U. Sterr, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 62 , 1556 (2013).
- [55]T. Middelmann, C. Lisdat, S. Falke, J. S. R. Vellore Winfred, F. Riehle, and U. Sterr, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas. 60 , 2550 (2011).
- [63]S. T. Dawkins, J. J. McFerran, and A. N. Luiten, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 54 , 918 (2007).
- [64]G. J. Dick, in Proceedings of 19 th Annu. Precise Time and Time Interval Meeting, Redendo Beach, 1987 (U.S. Naval Observatory, Washington, DC, 1988) pp. 133-147. http://tycho.usno.navy.mil/ptti/1987papers/Vol%2019_13.pdf
- [66]V. Vorontsov, A. Belyaev, and N. Demidov, in Materials of the VI symposium 'metrology of time and space' 2012 (2012).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Optical frequency combs: Coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum
Diddams, S. A., Vahala, K. J., & Udem, T. (2020) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aay3676 · Cited by 722 · see citing works
Geodesy and metrology with a transportable optical clock
Grotti, J., Koller, S., Vogt, S., Häfner, S., Sterr, U., Lisdat, C., Denker, H., Voigt, C., Timmen, L., Rolland, A., et al. (2018) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-017-0042-3 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
Self-citationA clock network for geodesy and fundamental science
Lisdat, C., Grosche, G., Quintin, N., Shi, C., Raupach, S. M. F., Grebing, C., Nicolodi, D., Stefani, F., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12443 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Self-citationFrequency ratio measurements at 18-digit accuracy using an optical clock network
Boulder Atomic Clock Optical Network (BACON) Collaboration*, Beloy, K., Bodine, M. I., Bothwell, T., Brewer, S. M., Bromley, S. L., Chen, J.-S., Deschênes, J.-D., Diddams, S. A., Fasano, R. J., et al. (2021) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03253-4 · Cited by 390 · see citing works
A Fermi-degenerate three-dimensional optical lattice clock
Campbell, S. L., Hutson, R. B., Marti, G. E., Goban, A., Darkwah Oppong, N., McNally, R. L., Sonderhouse, L., Robinson, J. M., Zhang, W., Bloom, B. J., et al. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aam5538 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Bothwell, T., Kedar, D., Oelker, E., Robinson, J. M., Bromley, S. L., Tew, W. L., Ye, J., & Kennedy, C. J. (2019) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab4089 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
The CIPM list of recommended frequency standard values: guidelines and procedures
Riehle, F., Gill, P., Arias, F., & Robertsson, L. (2018) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aaa302 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Self-citationRiehle, F. (2017) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/nphoton.2016.235 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Self-citationMehlstäubler, T. E., Grosche, G., Lisdat, C., Schmidt, P. O., & Denker, H. (2018) · Reports on Progress in Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6633/aab409 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Self-citationKoller, S. B., Grotti, J., Vogt, S., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Häfner, S., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.073601 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationTest of Special Relativity Using a Fiber Network of Optical Clocks
Delva, P., Lodewyck, J., Bilicki, S., Bookjans, E., Vallet, G., Le Targat, R., Pottie, P.-E., Guerlin, C., Meynadier, F., Le Poncin-Lafitte, C., et al. (2017) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.118.221102 · Cited by 227 · see citing works
Self-citationImproved Limits for Violations of Local Position Invariance from Atomic Clock Comparisons
Lange, R., Huntemann, N., Rahm, J. M., Sanner, C., Shao, H., Lipphardt, B., Tamm, C., Weyers, S., & Peik, E. (2021) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.126.011102 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Self-citationRoadmap towards the redefinition of the second
Dimarcq, N., Gertsvolf, M., Mileti, G., Bize, S., Oates, C., Peik, E., Calonico, D., Ido, T., Tavella, P., Meynadier, F., et al. (2023) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ad17d2 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationOriglia, S., Pramod, M. S., Schiller, S., Singh, Y., Bongs, K., Schwarz, R., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Herbers, S., Häfner, S., et al. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.98.053443 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in the accuracy, stability, and reliability of the PTB primary fountain clocks
Weyers, S., Gerginov, V. P., Kazda, M., Rahm, J., Lipphardt, B., Dobrev, G., & Gibble, K. (2018) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aae008 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the optical second: verifying optical clocks at the SI limit
McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., Leopardi, H., Fasano, R., Nicolodi, D., Beloy, K., Yao, J., Sherman, J. A., Schäffer, S. A., Savory, J., et al. (2019) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.6.000448 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Frequency Measurements of Superradiance from the Strontium Clock Transition
Norcia, M. A., Cline, J. R. K., Muniz, J. A., Robinson, J. M., Hutson, R. B., Goban, A., Marti, G. E., Ye, J., & Thompson, J. K. (2018) · Physical Review X · doi:10.1103/physrevx.8.021036 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Schioppo, M., Kronjäger, J., Silva, A., Ilieva, R., Paterson, J. W., Baynham, C. F. A., Bowden, W., Hill, I. R., Hobson, R., Vianello, A., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-27884-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, B. M., Delva, P., Al-Masoudi, A., Amy‐Klein, A., Bærentsen, C. Ø., Baynham, C. F. A., Benkler, E., Bilicki, S., Bize, S., Bowden, W., et al. (2020) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/abaace · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Self-citationOperational Magic Intensity for Sr Optical Lattice Clocks
Ushijima, I., Takamoto, M., & Katori, H. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.263202 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Optical to microwave clock frequency ratios with a nearly continuous strontium optical lattice clock
Lodewyck, J., Bilicki, S., Bookjans, E., Robyr, J.-L., Shi, C., Vallet, G., Le Targat, R., Nicolodi, D., Le Coq, Y., Guéna, J., et al. (2016) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/0026-1394/53/4/1123 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Photonic Flywheel in a Monolithic Fiber Resonator
Jia, K., Wang, X., Kwon, D., Wang, J., Tsao, E., Liu, H., Ni, X., Guo, J. W., Yang, M., Jiang, X., et al. (2020) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.125.143902 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Guéna, J., Weyers, S., Abgrall, M., Grebing, C., Gerginov, V, Rosenbusch, P., Bize, S., Lipphardt, B., Denker, H., Quintin, N., et al. (2017) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aa65fe · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationDemonstration of a Timescale Based on a Stable Optical Carrier
Milner, W. R., Robinson, J. M., Kennedy, C. J., Bothwell, T., Kedar, D., Matei, D. G., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Riehle, F., Leopardi, H., et al. (2019) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.173201 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationMonths-long real-time generation of a time scale based on an optical clock
Hachisu, H., Nakagawa, F., Hanado, Y., & Ido, T. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22423-5 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Optical frequency standards for time and length applications
Hong, F.-L. (2016) · Measurement Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/1361-6501/28/1/012002 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Robust Spin Squeezing via Photon-Mediated Interactions on an Optical Clock Transition
Lewis-Swan, R. J., Norcia, M. A., Cline, J., Thompson, J. K., & Rey, A. M. (2018) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.121.070403 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Cold atoms in space: community workshop summary and proposed road-map
Alonso, I., Alpigiani, C., Altschul, B., Araújo, H. M., Arduini, G., Arlt, J., Badurina, L., Balaž, A., Bandarupally, S., Barish, B. C., et al. (2022) · EPJ Quantum Technology · doi:10.1140/epjqt/s40507-022-00147-w · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Schwarz, R., Dörscher, S., Al-Masoudi, A., Benkler, E., Legero, T., Sterr, U., Weyers, S., Rahm, J., Lipphardt, B., & Lisdat, C. (2020) · Physical Review Research · doi:10.1103/physrevresearch.2.033242 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationIntercontinental comparison of optical atomic clocks through very long baseline interferometry
Pizzocaro, M., Sekido, M., Takefuji, K., Ujihara, H., Hachisu, H., Nemitz, N., Tsutsumi, M., Kondo, T., Kawai, E., Ichikawa, R., et al. (2021) · Nature Physics · doi:10.1038/s41567-020-01038-6 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Pizzocaro, M., Bregolin, F., Barbieri, P., Rauf, B., Levi, F., & Calonico, D. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab50e8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Lattice-induced photon scattering in an optical lattice clock
Dörscher, S., Schwarz, R., Al-Masoudi, A., Falke, S., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C. (2018) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.97.063419 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical frequency ratio of a 171Yb+ single-ion clock and a 87Sr lattice clock
Dörscher, S., Huntemann, N., Schwarz, R., Lange, R., Benkler, E., Lipphardt, B., Sterr, U., Peik, E., & Lisdat, C. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/abc86f · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical-Clock-Based Time Scale
Yao, J., Sherman, J. A., Fortier, T., Leopardi, H., Parker, T., McGrew, W., Zhang, X., Nicolodi, D., Fasano, R., Schäffer, S. A., et al. (2019) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.12.044069 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Hachisu, H., Petit, G., Nakagawa, F., Hanado, Y., & Ido, T. (2017) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.25.008511 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Lorentz and C P T tests with clock-comparison experiments
Kostelecký, V. A., & Vargas, A. J. (2018) · Physical review. D/Physical review. D. · doi:10.1103/physrevd.98.036003 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Low noise, self-referenced all polarization maintaining Ytterbium fiber laser frequency comb
Li, Y., Kuse, N., Rolland, A., Stepanenko, Y., Radzewicz, C., & Fermann, M. E. (2017) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.25.018017 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Hobson, R., Bowden, W., Vianello, A., Silva, A., Baynham, C. F. A., Margolis, H. S., Baird, P. E. G., Gill, P. R., & Hill, I. R. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/abb530 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
First accuracy evaluation of the NRC-FCs2 primary frequency standard
Beattie, S., Jian, B., Alcock, J. A., Gertsvolf, M., Hendricks, R., Szymaniec, K., & Gibble, K. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab7c54 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The unit of time: Present and future directions
Bize, S. (2019) · Comptes Rendus Physique · doi:10.1016/j.crhy.2019.02.002 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Single-ion, transportable optical atomic clocks
Delehaye, M., & Lacroûte, C. (2018) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2018.1441917 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Real-time phase tracking for wide-band optical frequency measurements at the 20th decimal place
Giunta, M., Hänsel, W., Fischer, M., Lezius, M., Udem, T., & Holzwarth, R. (2020) · Nature Photonics · doi:10.1038/s41566-019-0520-5 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Direct comparisons of European primary and secondary frequency standards via satellite techniques
Riedel, F., Al-Masoudi, A., Benkler, E., Dörscher, S., Gerginov, V, Grebing, C., Häfner, S., Huntemann, N., Lipphardt, B., Lisdat, C., et al. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab6745 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationDemonstration of the nearly continuous operation of an 171 Yb optical lattice clock for half a year
Kobayashi, T., Akamatsu, D., Hosaka, K., Hisai, Y., Wada, M., Inaba, H., Suzuyama, T., Hong, F.-L., & Yasuda, M. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab9f1f · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Ultra-broadband dual-branch optical frequency comb with 10 −18 instability
Rolland, A., Li, P., Kuse, N., Jiang, J., Cassinerio, M., Langrock, C., & Fermann, M. E. (2018) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.5.001070 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Optical-Clock-Based Time Scale.
Yao, J., Sherman, J. A., Fortier, T. M., Leopardi, H., Parker, T. E., McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., Nicolodi, D., Fasano, R., Schäffer, S. A., et al. (2019) · PubMed · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Coherent Optical-Fiber Link Across Italy and France
Clivati, C., Pizzocaro, M., Bertacco, E. K., Condio, S., Costanzo, G. A., Donadello, S., Goti, I., Gozzelino, M., Levi, F., Mura, A., et al. (2022) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.18.054009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Baynham, C. F. A., Godun, R. M., Jones, J. M., King, S. A., Nisbet-Jones, P. B. R., Baynes, F., Rolland, A., Baird, P. E. G., Bongs, K., Gill, P., et al. (2018) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500340.2017.1384514 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Incorporating an Optical Clock Into a Time Scale
Yao, J., Parker, T. E., Ashby, N., & Levine, J. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2017.2773530 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Krehlik, P., Schnatz, H., & Śliwczyński, Ł. (2017) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2017.2759001 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Hachisu, H., Petit, G., & Ido, T. (2016) · Applied Physics B · doi:10.1007/s00340-016-6603-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Nemitz, N., Gotoh, T., Nakagawa, F., Ito, H., Hanado, Y., Ido, T., & Hachisu, H. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/abc232 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Passive optical phase noise cancellation
Hu, L., Tian, X., Wu, G., & Chen, J. (2020) · Optics Letters · doi:10.1364/ol.393010 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Robust optical clock transitions in trapped ions using dynamical decoupling
Aharon, N., Spethmann, N., Leroux, I. D., Schmidt, P. O., & Retzker, A. (2019) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ab3871 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The CIPM list ‘Recommended values of standard frequencies’: 2021 update
Margolis, H. S., Panfilo, G., Petit, G., Oates, C. W., Ido, T., & Bize, S. (2024) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ad3afc · Cited by 29 · see citing works
High-Precision Time-Frequency Signal Simultaneous Transfer System via a WDM-Based Fiber Link
Zang, Q., Quan, H., Zhao, K., Zhang, X., Deng, X., Xue, W., Chen, F., Liu, T., Dong, R., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Photonics · doi:10.3390/photonics8080325 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Recent progresses of ultracold two-electron atoms
He, C., Hajiyev, E., Ren, Z., Song, B., & Jo, G.-B. (2019) · Journal of Physics B Atomic Molecular and Optical Physics · doi:10.1088/1361-6455/ab153e · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Resilient timekeeping algorithm with multi-observation fusion Kalman filter
Wang, X., Yang, Y., Wang, B., Lin, Y.-T., & Han, C. (2023) · Satellite Navigation · doi:10.1186/s43020-023-00115-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Uncertainty Evaluation of an 171Yb Optical Lattice Clock at NMIJ
Kobayashi, T., Akamatsu, D., Hisai, Y., Tanabe, T., Inaba, H., Suzuyama, T., Hong, F.-L., Hosaka, K., & Yasuda, M. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2018.2870937 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
High-precision optical time and frequency transfer
Caldwell, E. D., Triano, T., & Sinclair, L. C. (2025) · Advances in Optics and Photonics · doi:10.1364/aop.545290 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Ytterbium optical lattice clock with instability of order 10 −18
Zhang, A., Xiong, Z.-X., Chen, X., Jiang, Y., Wang, J., Tian, C., Zhu, Q., Wang, B., Xiong, D., He, L., et al. (2022) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ac99e4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Multi-node optical frequency dissemination with post automatic phase correction
Hu, L., Tian, X., Wu, G., Kong, M., Shen, J., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2020.2976167 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Dynamical decoupling of laser phase noise in compound atomic clocks
Dörscher, S., Al-Masoudi, A., Bober, M., Schwarz, R., Hobson, R., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C. (2020) · Communications Physics · doi:10.1038/s42005-020-00452-9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationTurnkey photonic flywheel in a microresonator-filtered laser
Nie, M., Musgrave, J., Jia, K., Bartos, J., Zhu, S. N., Xie, Z., & Huang, S. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-44314-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Observation of an Inner-Shell Orbital Clock Transition in Neutral Ytterbium Atoms
Ishiyama, T., Ono, K., Takano, T., Sunaga, A., & Takahashi, Y. (2023) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.130.153402 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
A Sub-ps Stability Time Transfer Method Based on Optical Modems
Frank, F., Stefani, F., Tuckey, P. A., & Pottie, P.-É. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2018.2833389 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Preliminary study of generating a local time scale with NIM 87Sr optical lattice clock
Zhu, L. F., Lin, Y., Wang, Y., Jia, Z., Wang, Q., Li, Y., Yang, T., & Fang, Z. (2022) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ac8992 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Tian, X., Hu, L., Wu, G., & Chen, J. (2020) · Journal of Lightwave Technology · doi:10.1109/jlt.2020.2989328 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Femtosecond Timekeeping: Slip-Free Clockwork for Optical Timescales
Herman, D. I., Droste, S., Baumann, E., Roslund, J., Churin, D., Cingöz, A., Deschênes, J.-D., Khader, I. H., Swann, W. C., Nelson, C. W., et al. (2018) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.9.044002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Frequency Stability of 2.5 × 10 − 17 from a Si Cavity with AlGaAs Crystalline Mirrors
Lee, D., Hu, Z. Z., Lewis, B., Aeppli, A., Kim, K., Yao, Z., Legero, T., Nicolodi, D., Riehle, F., Sterr, U., et al. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/zgrm-cjbb · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationThe 50th Anniversary of the Atomic Second
Arias, E. F., Matsakis, D. N., Quinn, T., & Tavella, P. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics Ferroelectrics and Frequency Control · doi:10.1109/tuffc.2018.2823591 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Barbieri, P., Clivati, C., Pizzocaro, M., Levi, F., & Calonico, D. (2019) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ab2b0f · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Cold atom clocks and their applications in precision measurements*
Dai, S., Zheng, F., Liu, K., Chen, W., Lin, Y., Li, T., & Fang, F. (2020) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/abbbee · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Robustness tests for an optical time scale
Formichella, V., Galleani, L., Signorile, G., & Sesia, I. (2021) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/ac3801 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Coordinated international comparisons between optical clocks connected via fiber and satellite links
Lindvall, T., Pizzocaro, M., Godun, R. M., Abgrall, M., Akamatsu, D., Amy‐Klein, A., Benkler, E., Bhatt, N., Calonico, D., Cantin, E., et al. (2025) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.561754 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationOptical atomic clocks: defining the future of time and frequency metrology
Fortier, T. M., Luiten, A. N., & Margolis, H. S. (2025) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.575770 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A proof-of-concept model of compact and high-performance 87Sr optical lattice clock for space
Guo, F., Tan, W., Zhou, C.-H., Xia, J., Chen, Y.-X., Liang, T., Liu, Q., Liu, Y., He, D.-J., Zhou, Y.-Z., et al. (2021) · AIP Advances · doi:10.1063/5.0064087 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Study of optical clocks based on ultracold 171Yb atoms*
Ai, D., Qiao, H., Zhang, S., Luo, L., Sun, C., Zhang, S., Peng, C., Qi, Q.-C., Jin, T., Zhou, M., et al. (2020) · Chinese Physics B · doi:10.1088/1674-1056/aba099 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Year-long optical time scale with sub-nanosecond capabilities
Formichella, V., Signorile, G., Thai, T. T., Galleani, L., Pizzocaro, M., Goti, I., Condio, S., Clivati, C., Risaro, M., Levi, F., et al. (2024) · Optica · doi:10.1364/optica.509706 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Timekeeping algorithm based on the cooperative covariance matrix of clock differences
Wang, X., Han, C., & Yang, Y. (2022) · GPS Solutions · doi:10.1007/s10291-022-01334-z · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Progress on optical-clock-based time scale at NIST: Simulations and preliminary real-data analysis
Yao, J., Sherman, J. A., Fortier, T. M., Leopardi, H., Parker, T. E., Levine, J., Savory, J., Romisch, S., McGrew, W. F., Zhang, X., et al. (2018) · NAVIGATION Journal of the Institute of Navigation · doi:10.1002/navi.248 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Magic polarization for cancellation of light shifts in two-photon optical clocks
Jackson, S., & Vutha, A. C. (2019) · Physical Review A · doi:10.1103/physreva.99.063422 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Improved absolute frequency measurement of the strontium ion clock using a GPS link to the SI second
Jian, B., Bernard, J. E., Gertsvolf, M., & Dubé, P. (2022) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aca615 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Contributions of precision engineering to the revision of the SI
Bosse, H., Kunzmann, H., Pratt, J. R., Schlamminger, S., Robinson, I., de Podesta, M., Shore, P., Balsamo, A., & Morantz, P. (2017) · CIRP Annals · doi:10.1016/j.cirp.2017.05.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Kudeyarov, K. S., Vishnyakova, G. A., Khabarova, K. Y., & Kolachevsky, N. (2018) · Laser Physics · doi:10.1088/1555-6611/aacfa1 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lu, X., Yin, M.-J., Li, T., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10041440 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Geng, R., Wu, Z., Huang, Y. H., Cheng, Z., Yu, R., Tang, K., Zhang, H., Meng, W., Deng, H., Long, M., et al. (2023) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2023.12.022 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Glass thickness and index measurement using optical sampling by cavity tuning
Wu, H., Zhang, F., Liu, T., & Qu, X. (2016) · Applied Optics · doi:10.1364/ao.55.009756 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Validating frequency transfer via interferometric fiber links for optical clock comparisons
Koke, S., Benkler, E., Kühl, A., & Grosche, G. (2021) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac21a0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Cold Beam Optical Clock with Multifrequency Spectroscopy
Tobias, W. G., Hemingway, B., & Peil, S. (2025) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.134.043401 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Integrating quantum synchronization in future generation networks
Nande, S. S., Habibie, M. I., Ghadimi, M., Garbugli, A., Kondepu, K., Bassoli, R., & Fitzek, F. H. P. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-92038-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Monolithic VECSEL for stable kHz linewidth
Lee, M., Moriya, P. H., & Hastie, J. E. (2023) · Optics Express · doi:10.1364/oe.490046 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Generation of a precise time scale assisted by a near-continuously operating optical lattice clock
Kobayashi, T., Akamatsu, D., Hosaka, K., Hisai, Y., Nishiyama, A., Kawasaki, A., Wada, M., Inaba, H., Tanabe, T., Suzuyama, T., et al. (2024) · Physical Review Applied · doi:10.1103/physrevapplied.21.064015 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Transportable strontium lattice clock with 4 × 10 − 19 blackbody radiation shift uncertainty
Nosske, I., Vishwakarma, C., Lücke, T., Rahm, J., Poudel, N., Weyers, S., Benkler, E., Dörscher, S., & Lisdat, C. (2025) · Quantum Science and Technology · doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ae1161 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationStrontium optical lattice clock
Yi-Ge, L., & Fang, Z. (2018) · Acta Physica Sinica · doi:10.7498/aps.67.20181097 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Vapor-cell frequency reference for short-wavelength transitions in neutral calcium
Taylor, J. A., Hemingway, B., Hanssen, J. L., Swanson, T. B., & Peil, S. (2018) · Journal of the Optical Society of America B · doi:10.1364/josab.35.001557 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lu, X., Yin, M.-J., Li, T., Wang, Y., & Chang, H. (2020) · Japanese Journal of Applied Physics · doi:10.35848/1347-4065/ab98d8 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Xiong, D., Zhu, Q., Wang, J., Zhang, A., Tian, C., Wang, B., He, L., Xiong, Z.-X., & Lyu, B. (2021) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/abeec3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Absolute frequency measurements with a robust, transportable 40Ca+ optical clock
Zhang, H., Huang, Y., Zhang, B., Hao, Y., Zeng, M., Chen, Q., Wang, Y., Cao, S., Lin, Y., Fang, Z., et al. (2023) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/acd05d · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, X., Shi, F., Gong, D., Xu, S., Li, Z., Fu, G., & Li, Q. (2020) · Metrologia · doi:10.1088/1681-7575/aba3b9 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- Grebing, C., Al-Masoudi, A., Dörscher, S., Häfner, S., Gerginov, V., Weyers, S., Lipphardt, B., Riehle, F., Sterr, U., & Lisdat, C.
- Venue
- Optica
- Publisher
- Optica Publishing Group
- Published
- 2016-05-25
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 563
- ISSN
- 2334-2536 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2295004978
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 6
- FWCI
- 10.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Optica (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Centre of Quantum Engineering and Space-Time Research (QUEST)
- German Research Foundation (DFG) (RTG 1729, CRC 1128)
- International Timescales with Optical Clocks (ITOC)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Advanced Frequency and Time Standards
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › Network Time Synchronization Technologies
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Scientific Measurement and Uncertainty Evaluation
- Keywords
- optical lattice clock, redefinition of the second, clock frequency stability
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
