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Assessment methodologies for extrusion-based bioink printability
Open accessAbstract
Extrusion-based bioprinting is one of the leading manufacturing techniques for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Its primary limitation is the lack of materials, known as bioinks, which are suitable for the bioprinting process. The degree to which a bioink is suitable for bioprinting has been described as its ‘printability.’ However, a lack of clarity surrounding the methodologies used to evaluate a bioink’s printability, as well as the usage of the term itself, have hindered the field. This article presents a review of measures used to assess the printability of extrusion-based bioinks in an attempt to assist researchers during the bioink development process. Many different aspects of printability exist and many different measurements have been proposed as a consequence. Researchers often do not evaluate a new bioink’s printability at all, while others simply do so qualitatively. Several quantitative measures have been presented for the extrudability, shape fidelity, and printing accuracy of bioinks. Different measures have been developed even within these aspects, each testing the bioink in a slightly different way. Additionally, other relevant measures which had little or no examples of quantifiable methods are also to be considered. Looking forward, further work is needed to improve upon current assessment methodologies, to move towards a more comprehensive view of printability, and to standardize these printability measurements between researchers. Better assessment techniques will naturally lead to a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms which affect printability and better comparisons between bioinks. This in turn will help improve upon the bioink development process and the bioinks available for use in bioprinting.
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“Among the available techniques, extrusion-based bioprinting is the most widely used owing to its versatility and compatibility with hydrogel-based bioinks [4,5,6].”
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“Although the spreading ratio (Figure 6D) tended to decrease with increasing MMT concentration, no statistically significant differences were observed among the formulations (one-way ANOVA, p = 0.117) [6,7].”
From Montmorillonite-reinforced methacrylated collagen/methacrylated silk fibroin hydrogel-based inks: rheological and physicochemical characterization for bone scaffold applications (2026) · cites this paper as [6]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gillispie, G., Prim, P., Copus, J., Fisher, J., Mikos, A. G., Yoo, J. J., Atala, A., & Lee, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Tech - Wake Forest University School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences (US)
- Wake Forest University Health Sciences (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Rice University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lee, Sang Jin
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biofabrication
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-02-19
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 022003
- ISSN
- 1758-5082 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5090
- PMC
- PMC7039534
- OpenAlex
- W3000783277
- Cited by
- 426
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 70 · 2024: 75 · 2023: 66 · 2022: 69 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 21
- FWCI
- 4.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biofabrication (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (1P41EB023833-346 01)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular Mechanics and Interactions
- Keywords
- extrusion-based bioprinting, extrudability, shape fidelity, printing accuracy, tissue engineering scaffolds
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Tissue Engineering, Tissue Scaffolds, Bioprinting, Printing, Three-Dimensional
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